L12 memory & attention

Question 1

Short-term memory is also called?

Answer 1

Working memory

Question 2

Two types of short-term memory

Answer 2

Visuo-spatial, phonological

Question 3

Two types of long-term memory

Answer 3

Procedual, declarative

Question 4

Two types of declarative memory

Answer 4

Semantic, episodic

Question 5

Working memory is thought to be mediated by __________.

Answer 5

sustained activity of neurons in prefrontal cortex

Question 6

Neurons in the infratemporal cortex had learned to _____________.

Answer 6

distinguish the picture categories

Question 7

When will the neurons in the infratemporal cortex be active?

Answer 7

When the stimulus is present

Question 8

Which cortex’s neurons hold the last seen picture in memory?

Answer 8

Prefrontal cortex

Question 9

What was removed to cure epilepsy?

Answer 9

Hippocampus

Question 10

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 10

Unable to form new episodic memories

Question 11

What was remained intact from anterograde amnesia?

Answer 11

Ability for procedural learning

Question 12

What did Hebb’s Rule say? and it suggests…?

Answer 12

‘Cells that fire together, wire together’; connections between neurons that are simultaneously active might be strengthened.

Question 13

Hebb’s Rule is advantageous for what?

Answer 13

Associative learning

Question 14

Hippothalamus receives high level multisensory information via _______. Inputs go to ______, then_______ then____and then back to ____ via the _______

Answer 14

enthorinal cortex (EC); dentate gyrus; cornus ammonis (CA)3; CA1; EC; subiculum

Question 15

The synapses in hippocampus are _____&______?

Answer 15

glutamatergic; plastic

Question 16

What is recorded in hippocampal CA1 cell?

Answer 16

EPSPs

Question 17

100 Hz stimulus bursts applied to “________” inputs, either under ________ or with ___________

Answer 17

Schaffer collateral; voltage clamp; simultaneous depolarization

Question 18

If the input bursts are paired with depolarization, the EPSPs are ‘______’

Answer 18

potentiated

Question 19

NMDA receptors appear to be critically involved in LTP at ______ synapses

Answer 19

glutamatergic

Question 20

NMDA receptor channels open only if ___________ and __________ from the channel’s pore. This implements Hebb’s rule. The _________ neuron must be _______ already for the synapse to be modified.

Answer 20

glutamate binds; depolarization removes Mg++; postsynaptic; active

Question 21

Name the drugs that block the NMDA receptor to prevent LTP.

Answer 21

AP-5, MK-801; ketamine

Question 22

_______ filled with _______ emits a flash of fluorescent light at _______ when synapse is activated

Answer 22

Dendrite; Ca++ indicator “calcium green’; synaptic spine

Question 23

What is the fluorescence is inhibited by?

Answer 23

NMDA receptor blocker AP5

Question 24

What goes in the cell through NMDA receptor?

Answer 24

Ca++; Na+

Question 25

What goes out the cell through NMDA receptor?

Answer 25

K+

Question 26

What increases AMPA currents?

Answer 26

LTP

Question 27

What does Ca++ activate?

Answer 27

Calcium/ Calmodulin Kinase II (CaMKII)

Question 28

CaMKII increases AMPA currents in 3 ways:

Answer 28

Phosphoryaltes AMPA channels Anchors AMPA channels at the postsynaptic membrane Favours the insertion of further AMPA receptors in the membrane

Question 29

Although occluded stimulus excites only part of the group, what completes the full retrieval?

Answer 29

Strong mutual connections

Question 30

Compared to strong mutual activity, what has little impact?

Answer 30

Noise

Question 31

What can suppress the noise completely?

Answer 31

A proper firing threshold

Question 32

What properties can computer simulations using artificial networks and auto-associative memory networks illustrate?

Answer 32

Pattern completion and noise robustness

Question 33

What is the artificial neural networks trained to do?

Answer 33

Recognize or recall images

Question 34

How are information in the artificial neural networks stored?

Answer 34

Distributed widely across the connection pattern between the artificial neurons (not stored in one place)

Question 35

A fair proportion of neurons can be removed without obvious loss of performance (T/F) what is this called?

Answer 35

True; graceful degeneration

Question 36

What is grandmother cell?

Answer 36

Single neurons which 'represent'/ 'recognize' highly specific concepts or objects

Question 37

From who were Jennifer Aniston neurons and Halle Berry neuron found?

Answer 37

Epilepsy sufferers

Question 38

Jennifer Aniston neurons shows that hippocampus receives 'sparse, high level, ______ feature representations' of the environment, combining ______ to form memories of ________.

Answer 38

multisensory; spatial information; places and people

Question 39

What is thought to represent spatial information? and how is it discovered?

Answer 39

Hippocampal 'place cells'; tetrode recordings from the hippocampus of freely moving rats

Question 40

Name 2 memory-trick that combine objects with places.

Answer 40

Memory palace; method of loci

Question 41

Rats revisit places they have explored in their dreams, as_______. This may be be related to _______ during sleep

Answer 41

place cells fire in sequence when they sleep; memory consolidation

Question 42

Performance of good memory and bad memory rats in Morris Water Maze.

Answer 42

Good: remember quickly where the platform is hidden and will search for the platform in the appropriate quadrant Bad: swim aimlessly through the basin even after repeated experience

Question 43

What substance prevents rats from remembering?

Answer 43

NMDA antagonist: AP5

Question 44

Procedual memory (e.g., finger sequence tasks) benefits from ______ & _______

Answer 44

slow wave; REM sleep

Question 45

Declaratice maze running or water maze performance benefits particularly from _______

Answer 45

REM sleep

Question 46

The role of sleep in learning _____ (e.g., vocab) is less clear

Answer 46

declarative items

Question 47

Memory is due to ________.

Answer 47

widely distributed patterns of changed synaptic connectivity

Question 48

Memories can be lost either through ______/ ______

Answer 48

degradation; interference

Question 49

Some degradation is normal, but certain ________ condition can hasten memory loss and cause retrograde amnesia or dementia.

Answer 49

pathological

Question 50

Between 10% and 24% of cases of dementia in the UK is estimated to be ______ related

Answer 50

alcohol

Question 51

Alcohol can damage the brain directly as well as by __________

Answer 51

inducing thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

Question 52

What does Korsakoff;s syndrome often particularly affect?

Answer 52

Mammillary bodies

Question 53

Alzheimer's Disease is thought to affect ____% of over 60 years old and ___% of over 80 years old

Answer 53

10; 20

Question 54

Cause of Alzheimer's Disease is ______. Treatment is extremely _____.

Answer 54

unclear; difficult