L12 memory & attention Flashcards
Short-term memory is also called?
Working memory
Two types of short-term memory
Visuo-spatial, phonological
Two types of long-term memory
Procedual, declarative
Two types of declarative memory
Semantic, episodic
Working memory is thought to be mediated by __________.
sustained activity of neurons in prefrontal cortex
Neurons in the infratemporal cortex had learned to _____________.
distinguish the picture categories
When will the neurons in the infratemporal cortex be active?
When the stimulus is present
Which cortex’s neurons hold the last seen picture in memory?
Prefrontal cortex
What was removed to cure epilepsy?
Hippocampus
What is anterograde amnesia?
Unable to form new episodic memories
What was remained intact from anterograde amnesia?
Ability for procedural learning
What did Hebb’s Rule say? and it suggests…?
‘Cells that fire together, wire together’; connections between neurons that are simultaneously active might be strengthened.
Hebb’s Rule is advantageous for what?
Associative learning
Hippothalamus receives high level multisensory information via _______. Inputs go to ______, then_______ then____and then back to ____ via the _______
enthorinal cortex (EC); dentate gyrus; cornus ammonis (CA)3; CA1; EC; subiculum
The synapses in hippocampus are _____&______?
glutamatergic; plastic
What is recorded in hippocampal CA1 cell?
EPSPs
100 Hz stimulus bursts applied to “________” inputs, either under ________ or with ___________
Schaffer collateral; voltage clamp; simultaneous depolarization
If the input bursts are paired with depolarization, the EPSPs are ‘______’
potentiated
NMDA receptors appear to be critically involved in LTP at ______ synapses
glutamatergic
NMDA receptor channels open only if ___________ and __________ from the channel’s pore. This implements Hebb’s rule. The _________ neuron must be _______ already for the synapse to be modified.
glutamate binds; depolarization removes Mg++; postsynaptic; active
Name the drugs that block the NMDA receptor to prevent LTP.
AP-5, MK-801; ketamine
_______ filled with _______ emits a flash of fluorescent light at _______ when synapse is activated
Dendrite; Ca++ indicator “calcium green’; synaptic spine
What is the fluorescence is inhibited by?
NMDA receptor blocker AP5
What goes in the cell through NMDA receptor?
Ca++; Na+
What goes out the cell through NMDA receptor?
K+
What increases AMPA currents?
LTP
What does Ca++ activate?
Calcium/ Calmodulin Kinase II (CaMKII)
CaMKII increases AMPA currents in 3 ways:
Phosphoryaltes AMPA channels
Anchors AMPA channels at the postsynaptic membrane
Favours the insertion of further AMPA receptors in the membrane
Although occluded stimulus excites only part of the group, what completes the full retrieval?
Strong mutual connections
Compared to strong mutual activity, what has little impact?
Noise
What can suppress the noise completely?
A proper firing threshold
What properties can computer simulations using artificial networks and auto-associative memory networks illustrate?
Pattern completion and noise robustness
What is the artificial neural networks trained to do?
Recognize or recall images
How are information in the artificial neural networks stored?
Distributed widely across the connection pattern between the artificial neurons (not stored in one place)
A fair proportion of neurons can be removed without obvious loss of performance (T/F) what is this called?
True; graceful degeneration
What is grandmother cell?
Single neurons which ‘represent’/ ‘recognize’ highly specific concepts or objects
From who were Jennifer Aniston neurons and Halle Berry neuron found?
Epilepsy sufferers
Jennifer Aniston neurons shows that hippocampus receives ‘sparse, high level, ______ feature representations’ of the environment, combining ______ to form memories of ________.
multisensory; spatial information; places and people
What is thought to represent spatial information? and how is it discovered?
Hippocampal ‘place cells’; tetrode recordings from the hippocampus of freely moving rats
Name 2 memory-trick that combine objects with places.
Memory palace; method of loci
Rats revisit places they have explored in their dreams, as_______. This may be be related to _______ during sleep
place cells fire in sequence when they sleep; memory consolidation
Performance of good memory and bad memory rats in Morris Water Maze.
Good: remember quickly where the platform is hidden and will search for the platform in the appropriate quadrant
Bad: swim aimlessly through the basin even after repeated experience
What substance prevents rats from remembering?
NMDA antagonist: AP5
Procedual memory (e.g., finger sequence tasks) benefits from ______ & _______
slow wave; REM sleep
Declaratice maze running or water maze performance benefits particularly from _______
REM sleep
The role of sleep in learning _____ (e.g., vocab) is less clear
declarative items
Memory is due to ________.
widely distributed patterns of changed synaptic connectivity
Memories can be lost either through ______/ ______
degradation; interference
Some degradation is normal, but certain ________ condition can hasten memory loss and cause retrograde amnesia or dementia.
pathological
Between 10% and 24% of cases of dementia in the UK is estimated to be ______ related
alcohol
Alcohol can damage the brain directly as well as by __________
inducing thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
What does Korsakoff;s syndrome often particularly affect?
Mammillary bodies
Alzheimer’s Disease is thought to affect ____% of over 60 years old and ___% of over 80 years old
10; 20
Cause of Alzheimer’s Disease is ______. Treatment is extremely _____.
unclear; difficult
