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hybw > L12 memory & attention > Flashcards

L12 memory & attention Flashcards

1
Q

Short-term memory is also called?

A

Working memory

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2
Q

Two types of short-term memory

A

Visuo-spatial, phonological

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3
Q

Two types of long-term memory

A

Procedual, declarative

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4
Q

Two types of declarative memory

A

Semantic, episodic

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5
Q

Working memory is thought to be mediated by __________.

A

sustained activity of neurons in prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

Neurons in the infratemporal cortex had learned to _____________.

A

distinguish the picture categories

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7
Q

When will the neurons in the infratemporal cortex be active?

A

When the stimulus is present

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8
Q

Which cortex’s neurons hold the last seen picture in memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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9
Q

What was removed to cure epilepsy?

A

Hippocampus

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10
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Unable to form new episodic memories

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11
Q

What was remained intact from anterograde amnesia?

A

Ability for procedural learning

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12
Q

What did Hebb’s Rule say? and it suggests…?

A

‘Cells that fire together, wire together’; connections between neurons that are simultaneously active might be strengthened.

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13
Q

Hebb’s Rule is advantageous for what?

A

Associative learning

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14
Q

Hippothalamus receives high level multisensory information via _______. Inputs go to ______, then_______ then____and then back to ____ via the _______

A

enthorinal cortex (EC); dentate gyrus; cornus ammonis (CA)3; CA1; EC; subiculum

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15
Q

The synapses in hippocampus are _____&______?

A

glutamatergic; plastic

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16
Q

What is recorded in hippocampal CA1 cell?

A

EPSPs

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17
Q

100 Hz stimulus bursts applied to “________” inputs, either under ________ or with ___________

A

Schaffer collateral; voltage clamp; simultaneous depolarization

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18
Q

If the input bursts are paired with depolarization, the EPSPs are ‘______’

A

potentiated

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19
Q

NMDA receptors appear to be critically involved in LTP at ______ synapses

A

glutamatergic

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20
Q

NMDA receptor channels open only if ___________ and __________ from the channel’s pore. This implements Hebb’s rule. The _________ neuron must be _______ already for the synapse to be modified.

A

glutamate binds; depolarization removes Mg++; postsynaptic; active

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21
Q

Name the drugs that block the NMDA receptor to prevent LTP.

A

AP-5, MK-801; ketamine

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22
Q

_______ filled with _______ emits a flash of fluorescent light at _______ when synapse is activated

A

Dendrite; Ca++ indicator “calcium green’; synaptic spine

23
Q

What is the fluorescence is inhibited by?

A

NMDA receptor blocker AP5

24
Q

What goes in the cell through NMDA receptor?

A

Ca++; Na+

25
Q

What goes out the cell through NMDA receptor?

A

K+

26
Q

What increases AMPA currents?

A

LTP

27
Q

What does Ca++ activate?

A

Calcium/ Calmodulin Kinase II (CaMKII)

28
Q

CaMKII increases AMPA currents in 3 ways:

A

Phosphoryaltes AMPA channels
Anchors AMPA channels at the postsynaptic membrane
Favours the insertion of further AMPA receptors in the membrane

29
Q

Although occluded stimulus excites only part of the group, what completes the full retrieval?

A

Strong mutual connections

30
Q

Compared to strong mutual activity, what has little impact?

A

Noise

31
Q

What can suppress the noise completely?

A

A proper firing threshold

32
Q

What properties can computer simulations using artificial networks and auto-associative memory networks illustrate?

A

Pattern completion and noise robustness

33
Q

What is the artificial neural networks trained to do?

A

Recognize or recall images

34
Q

How are information in the artificial neural networks stored?

A

Distributed widely across the connection pattern between the artificial neurons (not stored in one place)

35
Q

A fair proportion of neurons can be removed without obvious loss of performance (T/F) what is this called?

A

True; graceful degeneration

36
Q

What is grandmother cell?

A

Single neurons which ‘represent’/ ‘recognize’ highly specific concepts or objects

37
Q

From who were Jennifer Aniston neurons and Halle Berry neuron found?

A

Epilepsy sufferers

38
Q

Jennifer Aniston neurons shows that hippocampus receives ‘sparse, high level, ______ feature representations’ of the environment, combining ______ to form memories of ________.

A

multisensory; spatial information; places and people

39
Q

What is thought to represent spatial information? and how is it discovered?

A

Hippocampal ‘place cells’; tetrode recordings from the hippocampus of freely moving rats

40
Q

Name 2 memory-trick that combine objects with places.

A

Memory palace; method of loci

41
Q

Rats revisit places they have explored in their dreams, as_______. This may be be related to _______ during sleep

A

place cells fire in sequence when they sleep; memory consolidation

42
Q

Performance of good memory and bad memory rats in Morris Water Maze.

A

Good: remember quickly where the platform is hidden and will search for the platform in the appropriate quadrant
Bad: swim aimlessly through the basin even after repeated experience

43
Q

What substance prevents rats from remembering?

A

NMDA antagonist: AP5

44
Q

Procedual memory (e.g., finger sequence tasks) benefits from ______ & _______

A

slow wave; REM sleep

45
Q

Declaratice maze running or water maze performance benefits particularly from _______

A

REM sleep

46
Q

The role of sleep in learning _____ (e.g., vocab) is less clear

A

declarative items

47
Q

Memory is due to ________.

A

widely distributed patterns of changed synaptic connectivity

48
Q

Memories can be lost either through ______/ ______

A

degradation; interference

49
Q

Some degradation is normal, but certain ________ condition can hasten memory loss and cause retrograde amnesia or dementia.

A

pathological

50
Q

Between 10% and 24% of cases of dementia in the UK is estimated to be ______ related

A

alcohol

51
Q

Alcohol can damage the brain directly as well as by __________

A

inducing thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

52
Q

What does Korsakoff;s syndrome often particularly affect?

A

Mammillary bodies

53
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease is thought to affect ____% of over 60 years old and ___% of over 80 years old

A

10; 20

54
Q

Cause of Alzheimer’s Disease is ______. Treatment is extremely _____.

A

unclear; difficult

hybw (12 decks)

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