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hybw > L6 Seeing things: Brain part > Flashcards

L6 Seeing things: Brain part Flashcards

1
Q

Seeing requires about ______ of the brain get involved

A

half

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2
Q

You see things _____- it is your _____ which turns the image in the right way

A

upside down; brain

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3
Q

We have two eyeballs which gives us ________ -comparing two images allows us to determine how ____ a object is from us

A

depth perception; far away

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4
Q

______ of our memories are determined by what we see

A

80%

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5
Q

People who are blind can see in their dreams if they are ________

A

not born blind

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6
Q

Everyone has one eye that is slightly _____ than the other

A

stronger

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7
Q

What is the biggest nucleus for visual output?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

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8
Q

What does pretectum do?

A

Reflex control of pupil and lens

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9
Q

What does superior colliculus do?

A

Orient the movements of head and eyes

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10
Q

Describe the visual processing pathway

A

Retina -> Lateral geniculate nucleus -> primary visual cortex

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11
Q

The image is ______ when it reaches retina

A

upside down and right left reversed

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12
Q

The optic nerves approach the brain along intercepting paths and meet at the base of the ________ at a crossing point called the ________

A

diencephalon; optic chiasm

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13
Q

What does optic chiasm do?

A

Directs the nerve fibres to their targets on the same or opposite side of the brain

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14
Q

In humans, about __% of the _____ axons in each optic nerves cross over in the chiasm, heading for targets on the opposite side of the brain, and the remaining 40% are directed to brain targets on the _____ side.

A

60; ganglion cell; same

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15
Q

On the brain side of the chiasm the left and right bundles of ganglion cell axons & nerve fibres from both eyes, are called _____

A

optic tracts

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16
Q

Axons in the optic tracts have a number of _____ in the brain, the most important one is _______ in the _______

A

targets; lateral geniculate nucleus; thalamus

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17
Q

________terminating in the LGN form synapses with other neurons and do not progress further into the brain.

A

Axons of the ganglion cells

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18
Q

Neurons that have received visual info from the ganglion cells radiate out of the ____ and go directly to the ____

A

thalamus; primary visual cortex

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19
Q

Primary visual cortex are also referred to as ______ / _______

A

region V1; striate cortex

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20
Q

Contralateral meaning.

A

on the other side

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21
Q

Ipsilateral meaning.

A

on the same side

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22
Q

Visual information about the left side is mapped in the _____ and the ______

A

right lateral geniculate nuclei; right visual cortex areas

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23
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus is a _____ in the _____ for the visual pathway

A

relay centre; thalamus

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24
Q

How many layers of neurons does LGN have?

A

6

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25
Q

In the LGN, visual inputs from the left and right eyes terminate in different _____ so that the neurons projecting to the cortex are excited by input from either the left or the right eye, but not by _____

A

layers; both

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26
Q

The ______ neurons and the _______ neurons that LGN excite are ________

A

geniculate; cortical; monocular

27
Q

There are ______ neurons in the cortex that _____ the inputs from the binocular field

A

binocular; converge

28
Q

Area V1 is about __ thick and covers only few square inches of brain

A

2mm

29
Q

Which cortex is the first cortex area to receive visual info?

A

Primary visual cortex/ striate cortex/ V1

30
Q

What is a transformation of the visual image from retina to V1?

A

Retinotopic map

31
Q

The retinotopic map in V1 is _____ so the central ___ degrees of the visual field occupies roughly ____ of V1. This makes sense because of the _______ in the periphery

A

distorted; 10; half; poor acuity

32
Q

What is the distortion in retina called?

A

Cortical magnification

33
Q

For the purpose of ______, neurons in V1 have the smallest _______ of any visual cortex microscopic regions

A

accurate spatial encoding; receptor field size

34
Q

The surface of V1 is functionally organized in a map of the visual field.

A

Retinotopic map

35
Q

There are dark and light stripes represent the surface view of the left and right in __________

A

ocular dominance columns

36
Q

What contains cells with similar selectivity for the orientation of stimuli?

A

Orientation columns

37
Q

What in V1 represent the colour module of functional organization?

A

Color blobs

38
Q

Each V1 transmits information to two primary pathways, called the _____ and the ________.

A

ventral stream; dorsal stream

39
Q

The dorsal stream begins with ____, goes through _____, then go to the _________ (___) and _____(/) and to the _________.

A

V1; V2; dorsomedial area; V6; Visual area MT; middle temporal; V5; posterior parietal cortex

40
Q

Dorsal stream is sometimes called _____ pathway or ____ pathway

A

where; how

41
Q

Dorsal stream is associated with _______________, especially when visual information is used to _____ or _____

A

motion, representation of object locations, and control of the eyes and arms; guide saccades; reaching

42
Q

The ventral stream begins with ____, goes through ___, then through _____ and to ______.

A

V1; V2; V4; inferior temporal cortex

43
Q

The ventral stream, sometimes called the _____ pathway, is associated with ___________ & ___________

A

what; form recognition and object representation; storage of long-term memory

44
Q

What is the visual fields of both eyes overlap extensively called?

A

Binocular field

45
Q

Rabbits have large monocular fields that give them a ____ field of view around its head. Enabling it to see _________ from almost any direction

A

circular; predators approaching

46
Q

Primates have _____ eyes

A

forward-pointing

47
Q

Depth is a key feature in determining the ____ of an object

A

shape

48
Q

The perception of depth is the ______ between the two eyes’ views of the world, which must be _____ and ______ by the brain.

A

difference; computed; reconciled

49
Q

The integration of binocular input begins in the _______, the first level at which ______

A

primary visual cortex; individual neurons receive signal from both eyes

50
Q

Binocular neurons are neurons in the visual system that _________

A

assist in the creation of stereopsis from binocular disparity

51
Q

Binocular neurons have been found in the ________ where the initial stage of _________ begins

A

primary visual cortex; binocular convergence

52
Q

How the two eyes create a perception of depth?

A

Binocular neurons receive inputs from both the right and left eyes and integrate the signals together

53
Q

First binocular neurons found in ____- most layer III neurons are ______ (but not layer __)

A

V1; binocular; IV

54
Q

Name whether the neurons in the following layers are mono/binocular/both:
Layer III
Layer IVC
Layer VI

A

Layer III: bino& mono
Layer IVC: mono
Layer VI: mono

55
Q

Random-dot _____ provide a dramatic demonstration of the global nature of disparity analysis. The image presented to each appears as _____, but when the images are viewed ______ the disparity between array of dots in the two images allows an ______ shape to become visible.

A

stereograms; noise; binocularly; embedded

56
Q

Retinal neurons also project to the _____, which bilaterally activates ___________ in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus that cause _______ in the ______ reflex

A

pretectum; parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; pupilary constriction; pupilary light

57
Q

The pretectal areas are interconnected through the __________, and thus the reflex causes both _____ (_____) and _________(____) pupillary constriction when a light is shown in one eye

A

posterior commissure; ipsilateral; direct; contralateral; consensual

58
Q

The ______ play a critical role in generating orienting eye and head movements to sudden (visual and other sensory) stimuli

A

superior colliculi

59
Q

Where is superior colliculus located?

A

In the dorsal midbrain within the tectal plate

60
Q

The deep layers of the colliculi receive _______ and help mediate_______ through their _____ connections to ocular motor systems.

A

multimodal sensory inputs; saccadic eye movements; efferent

61
Q

What is one of the largest components of the brain?

A

The tectum (superior colliculus)

62
Q

Our central vision is ______ in the primary visual cortex.

A

magnified

63
Q

Binocular vision allows us ____

A

stereopsis

hybw (12 decks)

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