Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

hybw > L11 addiction > Flashcards

L11 addiction Flashcards

1
Q

Which parts are modulated by dopaminergic input?

A

Motor (frontal) cortex, prefrontal brain structures which are involved in ‘cognitive’ and ‘limbic’ processing (select actions) or motor intentions, forming analogous (feedback) loops through basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which part do the rats like to self stimulate?

A

Septal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why septal region is an effective self-stimulation site?

A

It will activate dopaminergic fibres of the medial forebrain bundle which travel from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nucleus accumbens is considered as part of the…

A

Ventral striatum, a limbic extension of putamen and caudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Pavlov’s Dog used to describe?

A

Conditioned reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can produce automatic responses?

A

Unconditioned stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can conditioned stimuli produce the same responses as unconditioned stimuli does?

A

After a period of reinforcement learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is phasic dopamine?

A

A reward prediction error signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What will happen to the action potentials’ firing rate when doesn’t receive the perceived reward?

A

Decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where did the stimulating electrode implant to remote control the rat?

A

Each somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the stimulating electrode stimulate except the somatosensory cortex?

A

The medial forebrain bundle which contains dopaminergic output fibres from the ventral tegmental area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the somatosensory cortex electrode do?

A

Tells the direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the medial forebrain bundle do?

A

Tells the animal to predict a reward if it follows the instructions form the somatosensory electrodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

For human, when they win a gamble, which parts of the brain will have increasing activity?

A

Substantia nigra/ Ventral tegmental area and the ventral striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What synapses are highly plastic, and what can they undergo?

A

Cortico-striatal glutamatergic synapses and undergo long term depression/ potentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can regulate the synaptic plasticity?

A

Dopaminergic input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What makes learning faster?

A

L-DOPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What makes learning slower?

A

Halperidol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which parts’ activity levels reflect reward prediction errors?

A

Ventral striatum and posterior putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which part of the brain learn new association quicker than cortex? after decoding the neural activities in…

A

Caudate neurons; caudate and prefrontal cortex

21
Q

If the animals predicted there is a reward, where will the burst of action potentials be?

A

At the trigger

22
Q

If the animals receive an instruction cue preceding the reward predicting trigger stimulus, where will the burst of action potentials be?

A

At the instruction cue

23
Q

When reward is unpredictable, dopamine neurons will…

A

increase more than ones expected

24
Q

Cortex-basal ganglia circuits are designed to…

A

engrain habits of action selection which increase our chances of ‘rewarding’ outcomes

25
Q

What will rats self-inject to nucleus accumbens in drug self-administration experiments?

A

Amphetamine

26
Q

How does D-amphetamine stimulates dopamine release in self-administration experiments?

A

By messing with transporter proteins in dopaminergic terminals of afferents from the ventral tegmental area

27
Q

What does cocaine do?

A

Potentiates dopaminergic action by blocking dopamine reuptakes

28
Q

What does amphetamine do?

A

speed up and derivatives releases dopamine and noradrenaline by interfering with cell internal catecholamine transporters

29
Q

Where are the opiate receptors?

A

Dopaminergic neurons in the brainstem and midbrain

30
Q

What does nicotine activate?

A

Cholinergic receptors carried by striatal neurons

31
Q

What does cocaine, amphetamine, opiate and nicotine all do in common?

A

Activate dopamine sensitive neurons in the striatum

32
Q

What do very rapidly absorbed drugs give?

A

A phasic DA strike

33
Q

Why does smoking cocaine bring much greater addiction risk than drinking cocaine in tea?

A

Faster absorption than drinking it

34
Q

Name some addiction-like side effects that may be faced by Parkinson patients receiving prolonged courses of dopamine-enhancing medication.

A 
Craving
Gambling
Hypersexuality
Hypomania
Punding (stereotypic behaviours)
35
Q

What do rats need to do if they need to be trained to self-administer virtually all addictive drugs?

A

Repeated exposure/ prolonged access to intravenous drugs

36
Q

How are addictions marked?

A

Escalation in dose
Habituation/ tolerance
Resistance to extinction

37
Q

What is resistance to extinction?

A

Behaviours continue even if they are no longer given drugs

38
Q

Why tolerance happens?

A

A homeostatic mechanism: prolonged exposure to dopaminergic inputs makes the brain less sensitive to such inputs. Greater doses are needed. Healthy, positive reinforcers may become less effective

39
Q

What is withdrawal/ cravings?

A

Not having access to drugs is perceived as stressful. Stress hormone levels rise in response to withdrawal

40
Q

Name the stages in addiction.

A

Explorative drug taking is pleasurable
Positive reinforcement learning encourages repeated drug taking
Habituation/ tolerance develops
Withdrawal causes stress

41
Q

Which stages in addiction is evitable?

A

Third and fourth

42
Q

What is amygdala?

A

A major component of the limbic system

43
Q

What does the amygdala known to be doing?

A

Involved in fear conditioning responses, and mediate positive emotional responses

44
Q

What is the major sources of input to the VTA?

A

Amygdala

45
Q

What is the stress hormone that the amygdala contains?

A

Corticotropin releasing factor

46
Q

What will trigger CRF release?

A

Abrupt withdrawal of addictive substances

47
Q

Addicts are no longer pleasure seeking when taking drugs, what will they become?

A

Negative reinforcer

48
Q

What do impulsive rats have?

A

Less effective D2/3 receptors in the ventral striatum

49
Q

What makes it possible to learn which actions are more likely to be rewarded many steps into the future?

A

Temporal difference learning

hybw (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions