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hybw > L3 neurotransmitters & synapses > Flashcards

L3 neurotransmitters & synapses Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Endogenous chemicals that enable signal transmission in brain

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2
Q

Neuron propagate _____ the cell

A

within

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3
Q

Synapses allow neurons to _________

A

connect each other

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4
Q

Where do neurons only connect with each other?

A

In the neuro system

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5
Q

What happens in the soma?

A

Signal integration & protein synthesis

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6
Q

What is the signal output?

A

Axon

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7
Q

What is the signal input?

A

Dendrite

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8
Q

What is in the axon terminal that distinguishes it from axon trunk?

A

synaptic vesicles, membrane proteins (channels and receptors) & membrane-bounded sphere

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9
Q

What is the antennae of neurons?

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

What do postsynaptic receptors usually do?

A

Receives signals from axon terminal

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11
Q

Identify which is/ are electrical /chemical signal. Action potential, presynaptic axon terminal, postsynaptic receptor

A
  1. electrical
  2. chemical
  3. electrical
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12
Q

How does synaptic transmission work?

A

Interaction of presynaptic neurotransmitter release upon postsynaptic receptors

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13
Q

What will synaptic transmission dysfunction lead to?

A

Brain disorders

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14
Q

What does postsynaptic density contain? And what does it do?

A

Neurotransmitter receptors; convert the chemical signal into an electrical signal in the postsynaptic neuron

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15
Q

Describe the neurotransmitter release process.

A

Action potential arrives at axon terminal.
Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open
Ca++ enters the presynaptic neuron
Ca++ signals to neurotransmitter vesicles
Vesicles move to the membrane and dock
Neurotransmitters released via exocytosis
Neurotransmitters bind to receptors
Signal initiated in postsynaptic cell

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16
Q

What is the basis of electrical currents in nerve cells?

A

The movement of electrically charged ions that are dissolved in water

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17
Q

Which chemicals will hyperpolarize the cell?

A

K+ and Cl-

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18
Q

Which chemicals will depolarize the cell?

A

Na+ and Ca++

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19
Q

Which chemical is the only one that has higher concentration inside a cell?

A

K+

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20
Q

Action potential is a ____-lastly event in which the electrical membrane potential ______ rises and falls

A

short; rapidly

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21
Q

Name the 5 stages of an action potential.

A
  1. stimulus (or synaptic input)
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
  4. hyperpolarization
  5. resting state
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22
Q

What is excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

Transient (temporary) postsynaptic membrane depolarization caused by presynaptic release of an excitatory neurotransmitter (positively charged ions). Consequently, opening ligand-sensitive channels/ receptors, making the neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

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23
Q

What is glutamine and acetylcholine?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

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24
Q

What is synaptic integration?

A

The process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron.

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25
Q

CNS neurons receive ________ inputs.

A

thousands of synaptic

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26
Q

What does excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) allow?

A

Allow for neurons to perform sophisticated computations. EPSPs add together to produce significant postsynaptic depolarization

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27
Q

What does spatial summation mean?

A

EPSPs generate simultaneously at different sites

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28
Q

What does temporal summation mean?

A

EPSPs generated at same synapse in rapid succession

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29
Q

IPSP: transient postsynaptic membrane _______ caused by presynaptic release of an _________ transmitter.

A

hyperpolarization; inhibitory

30
Q

What are GABA and Glycine?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

31
Q

How to hyperpolarize IPSP?

A

Membrane potential less negative than ~-70mV

32
Q

What acts as an electrical shunt in shunting inhibition? And what does it do?

A

Synapses; preventing the current from flowing from the dendrites to the axon

33
Q

What is action potential?

A

A transient voltage alteration across an excitable membrane in excitable cells generated by the activity of voltage-gated ion channels.

34
Q

At electrical synapses, ________ occur between pre and postsynaptic membranes. They contain ____________ that permit current to flow ______ from the presynaptic cell to the postsynaptic cell.

A

gap junctions; connexon channels; passively

35
Q

What are the advantages of electrical synapses? (4)

A

Rapid transmission
Bidirection for electrical synapses vs unidirectional for chemical synapses
Facilitation of synchronized activities (e.g., heartbeat)
Direct mediation of intracellular signalling via second messenger

36
Q

Why electrical synapses are bidirectional?

A

When a presynaptic action potential propagates to the postsynaptic cell, the membrane resting potential of the postsynaptic cell simultaneously propagates to the presynaptic cell

37
Q

Why chemical synapses are unidirectional?

A

Neurotransmitters cannot be exchanged otherwise

38
Q

What are receptor antagonists? Give one example.

A

Inhibitors of neurotransmitter receptors; curare (Acetylcholine (ACh) antagonist)

39
Q

What are receptor agonists? Give one example.

A

Mimic actions of naturally occuring neurotransmitters; nicotine (ACh agonist)

40
Q

What is the root cause of neurological and psychiatric disorders?

A

Defective neurotransmission

41
Q

Which is the large molecule? (Amino acids/ amines/ peptides)

A

Peptides

42
Q

Peptides are stored in and released from _______.

A

secretory granules

43
Q

What are these? Glutamate, glycine, GABA

A

amino acids.

44
Q

What are these? Dopamine, acetylcholine, histamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

A

amines.

45
Q

What are these? Substance P, Cholecystoskinin, Neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptides

A

peptides.

46
Q

Addictive drugs act on _________ pathway from the ____________ to the ____________

A

dopaminergic; ventral tegmental area; nucleus accumbens

47
Q

Chronic overstimulation of this pathway cause a _________, which means ____________

A

homeostatic response; the dopamine reward system is downregulated

48
Q

Taking more drugs to get the desired effect is a phenomenon of _________

A

drug tolerance

49
Q

What is Acetylcholine receptor (AChR)?

A

A transmembrane protein, ionotropic receptor

50
Q

What does AChR do?

A

Binds 2 ACh molecules

51
Q

What is the receptor of AChR?

A

Ligand gated ion channel

52
Q

What is the result of ACh binding?

A

A shape change that allows Na+ to pass through the channel

53
Q

Neurotoxins work by _________

A

interfering with control of muscle contractions

54
Q

Neurotoxins cause death because they stop the heart and lungs by __________

A

the deficit of neural function

55
Q

Neuromuscular junction is the point where your _______ and __________ meet

A

muscles; nervous system

56
Q

Signals sent from your ______ to the NMJ tell _________________

A

CNS; muscles to move

57
Q

Acetylcholine is ______

A

A neurotransmitter used by the synapses at the NMJ

58
Q

Which substances block acetylcholine receptors?

A

Cobratoxin, curare

59
Q

What happens when acetylcholine receptors are blocked?

A

muscles are paralysed, because the neuronal signals that control your muscles are blocked

60
Q

If a Indian cobra bite you and you left the wound untreated, you will die in _____

A

1 hour

61
Q

Where is curare used?

A

Indigenous South American tribes for poison darts and poison arrows

62
Q

Where does curare come from?

A

Curare plant

63
Q

Curare was one of the first chemicals used as a ____________ in anaesthesia

A

muscle relaxant

64
Q

What are the neurotoxins that one can kill 30 people carried by puffer fish?

A

Tetrodotoxin, TTX

65
Q

How does TTX inhibit action potentials?

A

By blocking voltage-gated sodium channels

66
Q

Are there antidote for fish toxins?

A

No

67
Q

What does tetanospasmin do?

A

Inhibits the release of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

68
Q

________ is caused by tetanospasmin which comes from a bacterium called ___________

A

Tetanus; clostridium tetani

69
Q

Tetanospasmin interfere muscle contractions and the muscles will become ________, and instead of _______, they will go into _______

A

very sensitive to stimulation; contracting; spasm

70
Q

What are mamba venoms, neurotoxic cobra venom, scorpion venoms, widow spider venoms?

A

Synaptic neurotoxins

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