Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > L9 - General Anaesthetics > Flashcards

L9 - General Anaesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Who was general anaesthetic first discovered by?

A

Horace Wells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was first used to discover general anaesthetic?

A

Nitrous Oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the second chemical discovered for use as a general anaesthetic?

A

Chloroform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some kinds of intravenous anaesthetics?

A
  • Halogenated hydrocarbons (isoflurane, proponol)
  • Barbiturates (thiopental)
  • Steroids (alphaxalone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some kinds of physical anaesthetics?

A
  • Low-pressure (atmosphere)
  • Hypothermia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do drugs cause membrane expansion?

A

By entering into the lipids of the membrane, making it more fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the relationship between lipid solubility and drug concentration?

A

The more lipid souble the drug is the less concentration of the drug is needed for effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Meyer-Overton Rule?

A

The anaesthetic effect is proportional to molar effect of concentration of agent in lipid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the lipid theory?

A

Drugs work at the level of the plasma membrane to cause volume expansion or increasing lipid solubility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some problems with the lipid theory

A
  • The temperature effect - lipids solidify in
    colder conditions.
  • The increase GABAa receptor affinity for
    agonists,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some problems with the lipid theory

A
  • The temperature effect - lipids solidify in
    colder conditions.
  • The increase GABAa receptor affinity for
    agonists,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the protein theory?

A

Drugs extert their effect by interacting with proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do many anaesthetics work?

A

By increasing the action of GABA at GABAa receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do volatile anaesthetics work?

A

They bind at the interface of alpha and beta subunits of GABAa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do intravenous anaesthetics work?

A

Bind only to the beta subunit of GABAa receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the action of ketamine and nitrous oxide?

A

they block NMDA receptors.

16
Q

What are the effects of general anaesthetics on neurotransmitters at low concentrations?

A
  • Synaptic transmission in CNS is
    decreased.
  • Reticular formation leading to
    unconsciousness.
  • Reduces signalling to the hippocampus
    leading to short term amnesia.
  • Thalamic sensory relay nuclei parts of the
    cortex affected leading to analgesia.
17
Q

What are the effects of general anaesthetics on neurotransmitters at high concentrations?

A

All brain function affected - loss of motor control, reflexes, respiration, autonomic regulation.
DEATH

18
Q

What are the 4 stages of anaesthesia?

A
  1. Analgesia
  2. Excitement
  3. Surgical Anaesthesia
  4. Medullary Paralysis
19
Q

Analgesia

A

Reduced responsiveness to pain

20
Q

Excitement

A

Exaggerated reflexes eg, gagging or kicking

21
Q

Surgical Anaesthesia

A

Unconsciousness, loss of response and reflexes, short-term amnesia

22
Q

Medullary Paralysis

A

Loss of cardiovascular reflexes and respiratory paralysis - causes death.

23
Q

What 2 stages should be avoided when under general anaesthetics?

A

Stages 2 and 4

24
Q

Examples of intavenous anaesthetics?

A

Propofol, thiopental, etomidte

25
Q

Advantages of intravenous anaesthetics?

A
  • easy to administer
  • rapid induction
  • Prpofol has rapid metabolism ad rapid
    recovery.
26
Q

Disadvantages of intraveonous anaesthetics?

A
  • Pain at the site of injection
  • Complex Pharmacokinetics
  • Thiopental has a short duration of action.
27
Q

Ketamine

A
  • A dissociated anaesthetic similar to PCP
    (Phencyclidine)
  • Causes sensory loss
  • Powerful analgesic
  • Used in paediatrics and vetinery
28
Q

Examples of inhalation anaesthetics

A

Nitrous oxide, isoflurane, desflurane, seroflurane.

29
Q

Advantages of inhalation anaesthetics

A
  • useful for maintaining surgical
    anaesthesia.
  • Small lipid soluble molecules can easily
    cross the alveolar membrane.
30
Q

What is the depth of anaesthesia deteremined by?

A

The tension of inhalation anaesthetic in brain blood and alveolar air

Pharmacology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions