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ANAT 242 > L9 (C1) > Flashcards

L9 (C1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the control system of the body

A

the nervous system

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2
Q

what are the 3 over aching function of the nervous system

A

Major controlling, regulatory and communicating system in the body

Centre of all mental activity

Responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis

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3
Q

why do we need to understand the cells in the brain

A

Basis of function – health and disease

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4
Q

what are the 3 principal cell types in the nervous system

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

Neuroglia (glia):Greek “glue”

Cells from the vascular system

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5
Q

when do we see the importance of cells

A

when their function changes

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6
Q

describe the structure of a neuron

and the function that those section preform

A

dendrites
- receive signals from other cells

cell body
- organises and keeps the cell functional

nucleus
- controls the entire neuron

cell membrane
- protects the cell

axon hillock
- generates impulses of the neuron

axon
- transfers signals to other cells and organs

myelin sheath
- increases the speed of the signal

schwann cell
- produces the myelin sheath

node of ranvier
- allows for diffusion of ions

axon terminal
- forms junctions with other cells

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7
Q

what is an action potential

A 
An action potential is
the electrical signal
that travels through
the axon of a neuron
to send a message.
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8
Q

how does neural communication work

A

The combined effect of multiple connections occur then they communicate

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9
Q

what are the different signals in neural communication (within)

A

input is chemical

summation = electrical

conduction = electrical

output = chemical

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10
Q

what are the nodes important for

A

saltatory conduction

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11
Q

what are dendritic spines

A

they are small projections of the dendritic membrane of varying sizes

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12
Q

what are the developmental phases of a dendritic spine

A

thinn, mushroom and stubby

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13
Q

where does the dendrite spine attach to the neuron

A

the presynaptic bouton

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14
Q

what creates the shape of the dendritic spine

A

actin

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15
Q

what does the spine do when learning

A

Spines are plastic and row with learning.

Action creates the shape of the spine therefore the atin can move and retract with learning

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16
Q

whe do we have the most dendritic spines

A

during spine maturation in childhood

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17
Q

when does spine elimination start

A

adolescence

this is synaptic pruning

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18
Q

why in AD and PD do you loose spines

A

because they loose neurons

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19
Q

when does autism occur

A

Autism is when the spines aren’t prooned to the best of there ability which causes behavioural problems possibly because the brain is overexcitable

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20
Q

what is a concussion

A

a traumatic brain injury

the brain is able to recover from

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21
Q

what % of people recover from a concussion

A

80%

22
Q

what was seen when concussion patients performed a working memory task in a fMRI machine

A

Working memory task
NO difference on task performance

But persistent, significantly increased
activity in bilateral, dorsolateral prefrontal areas Injured athletes always need more brain activation

23
Q

when do we see the most amount of concussions

A

in the young and the old as they fall over more

24
Q

what causes Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

CTE happens from repeated concussions

25
Q

what are the early and late signs of CTE

A

CTE happens in 20-30 leading to aggression

CTE in older is dementia

26
Q

describe concussion at the level of the neurons

A

This is a mechanical injury in the neurons

The trauma causes holes in the membrane (the proteins pop out) from the mechanical trauma

Biomechanical injury -> mechanoporation
Neurometabolic cascade results in a chemical injury
Ionic flux – K+ out, Na+, Ca++ in, uncontrolled glutamate release

This will causes depolarisation (like an open channel) which leads to glutamate release

This can lead to excited toxicity ( too much K+ leaking out of the cell making it over excitable) which cases the cell to die

Usually energy is used to maintain the energy potential but now that energy has to be redirected to repair the brain

This is why when someone had a concussion we tell then to rest in a dark room and don’t think about anything so that the brain can rest and not use this energy so that it would be used to think will be used to heal the brain

27
Q

describe a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

Illumination source at the top

Then there are converging lenses

Electrons pass through the sample, some are deflected off the object and some go through to give us out image

The electrons then go onto the observing lens

28
Q

what is the function of Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

Lets users look at a very thin cross-section of an object (such as a cell).

29
Q

what is the max magnification on a Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

5,000,0,00x

30
Q

a Transmission electron microscope (TEM) is best at looking at…….

A

Looking at internal structure of objects

Looking at objects at very high resolution

Looking at relationships between structures at high resolution.

31
Q

what is a disadvantage of TEM

A

Can’t be used to look at living things (samples need to be prepared extensively before visualising).

Costly to run

32
Q

who would you produce a moving image of TEM

A

with sequential slides of tissue

33
Q

what is a neuorns shapes dependent on

A

its cytoskeleton

34
Q

what are neurons different shapes

A

They have these shapes to make the correct connections

Where are they are where do they have to transmit these signals is what determines the shape

35
Q

´What is the best 3-D digital analysis tool in the world?

A

the human visual system

36
Q

what does a neuron start its life as

A

a columnar epithelial cell

37
Q

what do neurons have in common with epithelial cells

A

Plasma membrane = lipid bilayer with proteins
- both have surface extensions, eg microvilli

Organelles both contain …
- nucleus, m/c, RER, SER, Golgi,
lysosomes

Cytoskeleton both contain..
- microtubules,
intermediate filaments (called neurofilaments in a neuron though)
microfilaments

38
Q

what is the diameter of a microtubule

A

20 - 28nm

39
Q

what is the diameter of a neurofilament

A

10nm

40
Q

what is the diameter of a microfilament

A

5nm

41
Q

what is a microtubule made up of

A

tubulin molecules

Made of dimers –⍺/ß tubulin

soluble tubulin (⍺/ß) is located in cell

42
Q

what us a microfilament made up of

A

F-actin (filamentous)

G-actin (monomeric)

43
Q

are microtubule polarised

A

yes

44
Q

how does the axon grow

A

add tubulin dimers (to the microtubule) at +ive end to elongate the axon

Labile – de- or re-polymerize as needed to retract and advance the microtubule

45
Q

what are Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs) important for

A

arranging microtubules into networks

it is unique to soma and dendrites therefore it is used to identify soma and dendrite ((specific)

46
Q

where is Tau located

A

Tau in dendrite and axon, inc. distal axon

47
Q

if you were to look at a microtubule what would you see

A

structures branching off them (MAP2)

48
Q

describe the orientation of microtubule

A

in the axon they have a uniform orientation with the +ive end towards the axonal end (Tau)

or you can have mixed ordination in the dendrites (MAP2)

49
Q

why do microtubules have a uniform orientation with the +ive end towards the axonal end

A

for axonal transport

50
Q

what orientation of the microtubules does Tau stabilise

A

in the axon they have a uniform orientation with the +ive end towards the axonal end

51
Q

what orientation of the microtubules does MAP2 stabilise

A

mixed ordination in the dendrites (MAP2)

ANAT 242 (17 decks)

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