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ANAT 242 > L1 > Flashcards

L1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the CNS responsible for

A

it is the integrating and communication centre

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2
Q

what is the PNS responsible for

A

it is the system linking all parts of the body to the CNS via nerves

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3
Q

what are the 2 major PNS nerves

A

the peripheral (limbs) and cranial (face) nerves

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4
Q

what are the major subdivisions of the CNS

A

the brain and the spinal coard

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5
Q

the brain in a major subdivision of the CNS. this can be further broken down into

A

the forebrain, brainstem and the cerebellum

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6
Q

what makes up the forebrain

A

the cerebral hemposhairs (cerebrum) and the diencephalon

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7
Q

what makes up the brain stem

A

the midbrain, pons and medulla

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8
Q

what makes up the hindbrain

A

the pons and the medulla

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9
Q

what is the approx weight of the brain

A

1.5Kg

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10
Q

the cerebrum makes up what % of the brain’s total volume

A

83%

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11
Q

why does the cerebellum contain 50% of the brain’s neurons

A

it is a very procice structure

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12
Q

what is another name for superior in the brain

A

dorsal

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13
Q

what is another name for anterior in the brain

A

rostral

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14
Q

what is another name for posterior in the brain

A

caudal

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15
Q

what is another name for inferior in the brain

A

ventral

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16
Q

if you were to cut the brain in the middle of the 2 hemispheres (cut the corpus callosum) what would that section be called

A

midsagittal

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17
Q

what is another name for a horizontal section

A

transverse (separates top and bottom)

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18
Q

what is another name for a sagittal section

A

longitudinal (between the eyes)

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19
Q

what is another name for a vertical section

A

caronal (separates front and back)

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20
Q

nerve tissue consists of 2 cell types, what are these

A

neurons (nerve cells) and support cells (glia)

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21
Q

describe neurons

A

they are highly specialised, excitable cells which have a high metabolic rate.

they provide rapid and specific communication between regions of the body

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22
Q

what are the 4 types of glia in the CNS

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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23
Q

what are some functions of astrocytes

A

offer structural support and regional metabolism

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24
Q

what are some functions of oligodendrocytes

A

structural support and insulation

these are the schwann cells of the CNS

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25
Q

what is the role of microglia

A

immune function

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26
Q

what is the role of ependymal cells

A

to line the ventricles

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27
Q

what is gray matter in the CNS

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

what is gray matter in the PNS

A

ganglion

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29
Q

what is white matter

A

axons

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30
Q

what gives white matter its white colour

A

the lipid material in myelin sheaths

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31
Q

in the brain where in gray matter located and why?

A

it is located on the outside of the cerebrum (the cortex)

you should think that the 2 hemispheres are circles and gray matter is the outline of the circle therefore there is gray matter on the inside of the brain

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32
Q

where in the brain is white matter

A

in the middle of the gray matter

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33
Q

where is gray matter located in the spinal cord

A

on the inside (the butterfly)

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34
Q

why do we have gray matter on the outside of the cerebrum but not on the outside of the spinal cord

A

because the brain is folded. the folding allows for more nerve cells to be crammed into the brain so that we can think, understand language/speech and have fine movement

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35
Q

what are the external features of the brain

A

the dura mater, gyri, sulci and fissure

36
Q

what is a fissure

A

they separate large regions of the brain

37
Q

what are the 5 lobes of the brain

A 
frontal
parietal
occipital 
temporal 
insula
38
Q

where is the insula located

A

it is buried deep within the lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor

39
Q

what is the insula hidden by

A

it is covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

40
Q

when are you able to see the insula

A

when you open up the lateral sulcus

41
Q

what is the transverse fissure

A

it separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

42
Q

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus

A

it separates the parietal and the occipital lobes

43
Q

when is the parieto-occipital sulcus visible

A

you can only see this from the medial surface of the brain (in a sagittal section)

44
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

the thalamus, hypothalamus and the pineal gland

45
Q

what is the width of the spinal cord

A

the same as your thumb

46
Q

what is the foramen magnum

A

the hole in the base of your skull

47
Q

where does the spinal cord extend from and to

A

the foramen magnum to the first or second lumbar vertebra

48
Q

how long is the spinal cord

A

about 42 cm

49
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

50
Q

there are 2 enlargements in the spinal cord. what are they called

A

the cervical and lumbar enlargements

51
Q

there are 2 enlargements in the spinal cord. why do we have these

A

because there are more motor neurons in these areas so that you are able to innovate your limbs

52
Q

what is the end of the spinal cord called

A

conus medullaris or the medullary cone

53
Q

what is the filum terminale

A

it extends from the conus medullaris to the posterior surface of the spinal cord

this counts as a miningel layer

54
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

it is the pony tail

the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

55
Q

why do we have a cauda equina

A

because after birth the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord

56
Q

where is the median fissure located

A

anterior or ventrally

57
Q

where is the median sulcus located

A

posterior ot dorsally

58
Q

what is the central canal

A

the centre of the spinal cord

59
Q

what kind of information do the dorsal roots carry

A

afferent

60
Q

what kind of information do the ventral roots carry

A

efferent

61
Q

what kind of information do the spinal nerves carry

A

it is mixed

both afferent and efferent

62
Q

what is another name for the spinal nerves

A

peripheral nerves

63
Q

what is paralysis

A

loss of motor function

64
Q

what is sensory loss called

A

paraesthesias

65
Q

the severity of the spinal cord injury depends on what

A

the level of the spine the injury occurs at

66
Q

at what levels would an injury to the spin cause high tetraplegia

A

C1 - C4

67
Q

what is tetraplegia

A

can’t move upper and lower limb

68
Q

what happens if the injury to the spin is at C5 - C8

A

low tetraplegia

may have some movement of the upper limb

69
Q

paraplegia is the result of in injury to what levels of the spine

A

thoracic, lumbar or sacral

70
Q

spinal cord injuries can either be……

A

complete or incomplete

71
Q

what would be the result if you were to damage the ventral part of the spine on your right side

A

motor loss (paralisis) on your right side

72
Q

what would be the result if you were to damage the dorsal part of the spine on your left side

A

sensory loss (paresthesias) on your left side

73
Q

what is the dura mater

A

it is the outermost layer of the miningies

it is a thick layer f connective tissue (fibroblasts and collagen) that surrounds the brain

it is very tough because of the collagen (makes it hard to stretch) and therefore is the main protective and supporting layer

74
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dura mater called

A

the periosteal and meningeal layer

75
Q

what is a venis sines

A

it is a space between the the periosteal and meningeal layer

they are large veins which sit on the outside of the vain

76
Q

name one venis sines

A

the superior sagittal sinus

77
Q

what is the falx cerebri

A

it is a partition (structure which divides) which subdivides the cranial cavity to limit excessive movement of the brain within the cranium

78
Q

where is the falx cerebri located

A

in the longitudinal fissure

can also be called he median sagittal plane

79
Q

what is the longitudinal fissure

A

the deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate brain

80
Q

what are the names of the 3 dural folds

A

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli and the falx cerebelli

81
Q

where is the tentorium cerebelli located

A

it separates the cerebellum and the cerebrum

in the horizontal plane

82
Q

where is the falx cerebelli located

A

it runs along the vermis of the cerebellum

it separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

83
Q

where does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly

A

the crista galli

84
Q

where does the falx cerebri attach posteriorly

A

the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli in the midline

85
Q

what is the subdural space

A

it is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

it is very narrow (smaller than the arachnoid space) and contains a film of fluid

86
Q

what could the subdural space be enlarged by

A

bleading (subdural haemorrhage)

ANAT 242 (17 decks)

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