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ANAT 242 > L6 > Flashcards

L6 Flashcards

1
Q

what could happen if you had a lesion at the optic chiasm

A

you would loose your temporal vision

this is called bitemporal hemianopia

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2
Q

what could cause bitemporal hemianopia

A

a tumor of the pituitary or the hypothalamus

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3
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

axons of the retinal ganglion cells

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4
Q

what is the optic chiasm

A

fibers originated from nasal retina cross over to the opposite side

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5
Q

what is the optic tract

A

contains crossed axons from nasal retina & uncrossed axons from temporal retina

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6
Q

what does the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus do

A

processes & relays visual

information to visual cortex

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7
Q

what is the superior colliculus

A

visual reflex centres

controlling the extrinsic eye muscles

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8
Q

what kind of information does the primary visual cortex process

A

basic visual information

this is contrast information and object orientation

this is the point where you finally have conscious perception of visual images

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9
Q

what information does the visual association areas process

A

processes visual information concerned

with shape, colour & movement

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10
Q

where does complex visual processing happen

A

the ventral parts of the temporal lobe

the parietal cortex

the frontal cortex

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11
Q

what are the ventral parts of the temporal lobe responsible in terms of vision

A

identify objects in the visual field (what)

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12
Q

what is the parietal cortex responsible in terms of vision

A

assess the spatial location of objects (where)

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13
Q

what is the frontal cortex responsible in terms of vision

A

uses visual information to

guide movement

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14
Q

where do the oculomotor nerves extend from

A

the ventral midbrain

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15
Q

what structure do the oculomotor nerves pass through to get to the eye

A

the superior orbital fissure

many of the cranial nerves pass through here

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16
Q

oculomotor nerves are mixed nerves but they are often described as

A

chiefly motor nerves

they are mixed but it mainly has motor functions

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17
Q

how many extrinsic eye muscles are there

A

6

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18
Q

somatic motor axons of the oculomotor nerves have connections to which extrinsic eye muscles

A

it has connections to four of the six extrinsic eye muscles

these are the inferior oblique muscle and superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles

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19
Q

the inferior oblique muscle and superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles are responsible for what

A

moving the eyeball

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20
Q

the oculomotor nerves also have connections to the palpebrae superior muscle. what is this responsible for

A

raising the upper eyelid

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21
Q

what do the parasympathetic (autonomic) motor axons have connections to

A

connections to constrictor muscles of iris which cause the pupil to constrict

they also have connections to the ciliary muscle which controls the shape of lens for visual focusing

NOTE para = smooth muscle

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22
Q

what is the one sensory function of the oculomotor nerve which causes it to be a mixed nerve not a motor nerve

A

it receives sensory inputs from the eye muscles which go to the midbrain

this is for proprioception (detecting length and tension in the muscles)

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23
Q

what are the motor functions of the oculomotor nerves

A

Provide most of the movement of each eye

it also causes the opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil and focusing of the lense

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24
Q

damage to the oculomotor nerve would cause….

A

drooping upper eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, difficulty focusing & inability to move eye in certain directions

this would happen because the eye muscles would not be working properly

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25
Q

where do the axons of the trochlear nerve extend from

A

from the dorsal midbrain

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26
Q

how do the axons of the trochlear get from the dorsal midbrain to the eye

A

the cross ventrally around the midbrain, pass through the superior orbital fissure to the eye

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27
Q

what is special about the trochlear nerves

A

it is the only cranial nerve that emerges from the dorsal part of the brainstem

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28
Q

what is meant by SO4

A

superior oblique is innervated by the 4th cranial nerve

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29
Q

what does the superior oblique muscle do

A

rotates the eye downward and laterally

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30
Q

what nerve innervates the superior oblique

A

the trochlear nerves supply motor axons and carry proprioceptive axons to and from the superior oblique

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31
Q

how do the trochlear nerves get their name

A

because the superior oblique muscle has a tendon that hooks around a
pulley called a trochlea

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32
Q

what does damage to the trochlear nerve cause

A

double vision & inability to rotate eye inferolaterally

this happens because the muscles are unable to work together

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33
Q

where do the axons of the trigeminal nerve extend from

A

Axons extend from face to pons (S) & pons to muscles (M)

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34
Q

where are the cell bodies of the trigeminal neurons located

A

in the trigeminal ganglia

This is large and equivalent to dorsal root ganglia

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35
Q

the trigeminal nerve has a large and a small companant. what are these responsible for

A

Small = motor

Large = sensory

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36
Q

axons of the trigeminal nerve run from the ophthalmic division (V1) to the pons via….

A

the superior orbital fissure

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37
Q

the ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve conveys information from…..

A

Convey sensory impulses from skin of anterior scalp,
upper eyelid & nose, & from nasal cavity mucosa,
cornea & lacrimal (tear) gland

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38
Q

the trigeminal nerve receives sensory input from 3 divisions of the face. what are these

A

ophthalmic division (V1)

maxillary division (V2)

mandibular division (V3)

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39
Q

maxillary division (V2) axons run from the face to the pons via…

A

the foramen rotundum

rotundum because it is a round hole

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40
Q

maxillary division (V2) axons convey information from where

A

sensory impulses from nasal cavity mucosa,
palate, upper teeth, skin of cheek and upper lip

This is the nerve that is anesthetized when doing work on your upper teeth

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41
Q

mandibular division (V3) axons run from the face to the pons via…

A

foramen ovale (because it is a oval hole)

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42
Q

mandibular division (V3) axons convey information from where

A

sensory impulses from anterior tongue (not
taste buds, it is pain and temp), lower teeth, skin of chin, & temporal
region of scalp

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43
Q

which division of the trigeminal nerves is sensory and motor

A

mandibular division (V3)

44
Q

what is the motor branch of the mandibular division (V3) responsible for

A

Supply motor axons to (carry
proprioceptor axons from) muscles of mastication

these are the chewing muscles

45
Q

what is the largest cranial nerve

A

the trigeminal nerve (5)

46
Q

what is the main sensory nerve of the face

A

the trigeminal nerve (5)

47
Q

what sensory information does the trigeminal nerve (5) carry

A

transmitting
afferent impulses from touch, temperature &
pain receptors

48
Q

damage to the trigeminal nerve (5) causes

A

loss of sensation in the face and impaired chewing

49
Q

what is Tic Douloureux (Trigeminal Neuralgia)

A

it is the inflammation of the trigeminal nerve (the part nearest the pons)

this inflammation causes excruciating pain as it puts pressure in the nerve root

50
Q

what provokes that pain of Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

provoked by sensory stimulus in the area of supply to the trigeminal nerve

51
Q

what is the treatment for Tic Douloureux (Trigeminal Neuralgia)

A

analgesics - partially effective

Nerve cut in severe case to relieve pain
(but causing sensation loss

52
Q

abducens nerve axons extend from where

A

the inferior pons

53
Q

abducens nerve axons get from the inferior pons to the eye via…..

A

the superior orbital fissure

54
Q

what muscle in the eye does the abducens nerve innovate

A

lateral rectus muscle

55
Q

what is the lateral rectus muscle responsible for

A

eye movement

it abducts the eyeball

56
Q

what does damage to the abducens nerves result in

A

Damage results in inability to rotate eye laterally & at

rest eye rotates medially (because there is nothing to oppose the activity of that nerve)

57
Q

which part of the face are the facial nerves related to

A

that lateral aspect

58
Q

what is the pathway that the facial nerve axons take to get to the lateral aspect of the face

A

Axons emerge from pons, enter temporal bone via
internal auditory meatus and run within bone (through
inner ear cavity) before emerging through stylomastoid foramen; course to lateral aspect of face

59
Q

what are the 5 branches of the facial nerve

A

temporal

zygomatic

buccal

mandibular

cervical

60
Q

what do the 5 branches of the facial nerve allow for

A

This is motor and is what allows you to move your face

61
Q

what carinal nerve is the major motor output to the face

A

the facial nerves (7)

supply skeletal muscles of the face

62
Q

parasympathetic motor impulses for the facial nerves stimulate what

A

the lacrimal (tear) glands, nasal & salivary glands

63
Q

which nerve conveys sensory impulses from the taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

A

the facial nerve

64
Q

damage to the facial nerves causes

A

Damage produces sagging facial muscles & disturbed

sense of taste (missing sweet, salty & umami)

65
Q

what is bells palsy characterised by

A

characterised by paralysis of facial muscles (affected
side) & partial loss of taste sensation

it is usually only one side of the face therefore it is unilateral

66
Q

what is bells palsy caused by

A

viral infection causing inflammation of facial nerve

67
Q

what are the symptoms of bells palsy

A

symptoms: lower eyelid droops, corner of mouth sags, tears drip continuously, eye cannot be completely closed, paralysed face is ‘pulled’.

68
Q

what is the treatment for bells palsy

A

steroids and rest

69
Q

where do the vestibulocochlear nerve axons arise from

A

Axons arising from hearing & equilibrium apparatus

within inner ear of temporal bone

70
Q

where do the axons of the vestibulocochlear nerve enter the brainstem

A

the pons-medulla border

71
Q

in order for the vestibulocochlear nerve to get from the inner ear to the brainstem, what structure does it pass through

A

the internal acoustic meatus

72
Q

what kind of verves are vestibulocochlear nerves

A

purely sensory

73
Q

what sensory information do the vestibulocochlear nerves provide

A 
Provide hearing (cochlea nerves) and sense of
balance (vestibular nerves)
74
Q

damage to the vestibulocochlear nerves causes what

A

Damage produces deafness, dizziness,
nausea, loss of balance and nystagmus (rapid
involuntary eye movements)

75
Q

what is nystagmus

A

rapid involuntary eye movements

this happens because the sensory system becomes disordered

76
Q

describe the auditory pathway

A

the inner hair cell is stimulated. this passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cochlear nucleus.

this then goes to the superior olivary nucleus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate body of the thalamus -> primary auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyrus)

77
Q

where do axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve arise from

A

the medulla

78
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve innovate

A

glosso = tongue

pharyngeal = throat

79
Q

where do the axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve leave the skull

A

the jugular foramen

80
Q

the motor axons of the glossopharyngeal nerve go to…..

A

stylopharyngeus (a pharyngeal muscle)

these axons also carry proprioceptors from this muscle

81
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve provides parasympathetic motor axons to where

A

parotid salivary gland

82
Q

what do the sensory axons of the glossopharyngeal nerves conduct

A

Sensory axons conduct taste & general sensory impulses from pharynx & posterior 1/3 of tongue

they also conduct sensory impulses from chemoreceptors in
the carotid body & pressure receptors of carotid
sinus

83
Q

what is the glossopharyngeal nerves role is blood pressure

A

chemoreceptors in the carotid body detect O2 levels and pressure receptors in the carotid sinus detect blood pressure

84
Q

what are the overall roles of the glossopharyngeal nerves

A

Provide control over swallowing, salivation, gagging, sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue, control of blood pressure & respiration

85
Q

damage to the glossopharyngeal nerves results in….

A

Damage results in loss of bitter & sour taste, and

impaired swallowing

86
Q

where do axons from the vagus nerve emerge from

A

the medulla

87
Q

what is the pathway of the vagus nerve from the medulla to the structures that it innovates/receives sensory information from

A

Axons emerge from medulla, pass through skull via jugular foramen, descend through neck region into thorax & abdomen

88
Q

what is the reason for the naming of the vagus nerve

A

Vagus because it has a vague extensive territory

89
Q

what structures do motor axons of the vagus nerve travel to

(skeletal and parasympathetic)

A

Supply motor axons to (carry proprioceptor fibers from)
skeletal muscles of pharynx & larynx

Parasympathetic motor fibers supply heart, lungs & abdominal viscera

90
Q

the sensory axons of the vagus nerve carry impulses from….

A

thoracic & abdominal viscera

chemoreceptors in the carotid & aortic bodies

pressure receptors of carotid sinus

taste buds of posterior tongue & pharynx

91
Q

which is the only cranial nerve extending beyond the head & neck to the thorax & abdomen

A

the vagus nerve (10)

92
Q

what makes up the majority of the motor axons in the vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic axons

93
Q

what would happen if both of the vagus nerves were cut

A

they provide swallowing & speech and regulate activities of major viscera

therefore if these things didn’t happen you would die

94
Q

partial damage to the vagus nerve would cause….

A

hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing & digestive system mobility

95
Q

how do the accessory nerves get their name

A

because they are accessories for the vagus nerve

they join into the vagus nerve eventually

96
Q

the cranial root joins with axons of vagus nerve to

supply motor axons to where

A

the larynx, pharynx & soft palate

97
Q

damage to the cranial root of the accessory nerve results in….

A

Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice & impaired swallowing

98
Q

Spinal root (C1-C5) supplies motor axons to (and conveys proprioceptor impulses from) which muscles

A

trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles

99
Q

what are the trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles responsible for

A

provides head, neck & shoulder movement

100
Q

what is the spinal root

A

C1 - C5

101
Q

what are the symptoms of damaging the spinal root of the accessory nerve

A

impaired head, neck

& shoulder movement. eg. unable to shrug on one side if unilateral injury

102
Q

how does the hypOglossal nerve get its name

A

hypO = below the tongue

103
Q

where do the axons of the hypOglossal nerve arise from

A

a series of root from the medulla

this is between the pyramid and the olive

104
Q

where do axons from the hypOglossal nerves leave the skull (to get to the tongue)

A

they hypoglossal canal

105
Q

where do the hypoglossal nerves provide somatic motor axons to

A

intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of the tongue

this provides tongue movement for speech, food
manipulation & swallowing

106
Q

what does damage to the hypoglossal nerves cause

A

difficulties in speech & swallowing

Both sides - inability to protrude tongue

One side - tongue deviates (leans) towards injured
side & results in ipsilateral atrophy eventually

ANAT 242 (17 decks)

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