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ANAT 242 > L5 > Flashcards

L5 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the structures in the brain stem

A

the midbrain, pons and medulla

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2
Q

where is the brainstem located

A

between the forebrain and the spinal cord. it is also connected to the cerebellum dorsally

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3
Q

what is the function of the brain stem

A

it provides a pathway for axonal tracts running between the forebrain, cerebellum and spinal cord

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4
Q

what structures are associated with the brainstem

A

the 10 pairs of cranial nerves

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5
Q

are the cranial nerves part of the CNS or the PNS

A

the are peripheral nerves therefore they are part of the PNS

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6
Q

the cerebral peduncles (or crus cerebri) are part of what brainstem structure

A

the midbrain

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7
Q

cerebral peduncles are cuolquly known as….

A

the little feet of the cerebrum

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8
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles

A

they are white matter tracts (axons) that descend from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord

these pass logitudional through the ventral surface of the midbrain which gives it a stripy appearance

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9
Q

what is the role of the cerebral peduncles

A

they help anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem

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10
Q

the midbrain contains 2 cranial nerves. which are these

A

the 3rd (anteriorly) and the 4th (posteriorly)

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11
Q

what are the colliculi

A

they are 2 pairs of mounds on the 4th cranial nerve

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12
Q

what are the names of the colliculi of the 4th crainial nerve

A

the superior colliculis and the inferior colliculus

these can also be known as the higher and lower hill

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13
Q

there is a superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle. where are theses located

A

superior is the midbrain

middle is the pons

inferior is the medulla

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14
Q

what is the superior colliculis involved in

A

it is the visual relay and reflex centre

concerned with the detection of movement of
objects in the visual field

it relays vision information to neurons innervating
the muscles that control eye movement

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15
Q

what is the inferior colliculis involved in

A

it is the auditory relay and reflex nuclei

relaying auditory information from hearing
receptors of the ear to the sensory cortex

act in reflexive responses to sound (e.g., startle reflex)

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16
Q

what is anterior to the superior and inferior colliculis

A

the cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

where does the superior colliculis receive inputs from

A

the retina/visual cortex

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18
Q

where does the superior colliculis project to

A

project to vision-related areas in cortex

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19
Q

what colour is the substantia nigra. why

A

black because it contains melanin pigment which is the precursor of dopamine

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20
Q

where is the substantia nigra located

A

deep to the cerebral peduncle

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21
Q

what structure is the substantia nigra functionally linked to

A

the basal ganglia/nuclei

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22
Q

what causes Parkinson’s disease

A

dopamine neuron degeneration

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23
Q

what are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra

A

pars compacta (SNpc)

pars reticular (SNpr). this is ventral to SNpc

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24
Q

which part of the substantia nigra contains the dopamine neurons

A

pars compacta (SNpc)

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25
Q

which part of the substantia nigra acts as the break for unwanted movement

A

pars reticular SNpr

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26
Q

how does pars reticular (SNpr) act as a brake for unwanted movement

A

SNpr has connections similar to the internal division of the globus pallidus (GPi) therefore it causes inhibitory input to the thalamus

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27
Q

where is the red nucleus located

A

it lies deep to the substantia nigra

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28
Q

why is the red nucleus known as the red nucleus

A

it has a rich blood supply and contains ion pigment

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29
Q

what is the function of the red nucleus

A

it is a relay nucleus in some descending motor pathways

30
Q

what is the name of the 3rd cranial nerve

A

oculomotor

31
Q

what is the name of the 4th cranial nerve

A

trochlear

32
Q

what are the structures of the midbrain

A

Cerebral peduncles

Colliculi

  • superior colliculi
  • inferior colliculi

Substantia nigra

Red nucleus

Cranial nerves

  • oculomotor (III)
  • trochlear (IV)

Cerebral aqueduct

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Mammillary bodies

33
Q

what are the mammillary bodies

A

the are related to the hippocampus

34
Q

what cranial nerves extend from the pons

A

5, 6, 7, 8

the trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear

35
Q

what structures are part of the pons

A

trigeminal, abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves

the 4th ventricle

and the middle cerebellar peduncle

36
Q

what is the pons composed of

A

conduction tracts - both ascending sensory and descending motor tracts

it is also composed of pontine nuclei

37
Q

what is an example of a pontine nuclei

A

the pneumotaxic centre

also known as the respiratory centre

38
Q

what is the role of the pneumotaxic centre

A

it helps to maintain normal rhythm of breathing

it does this together with the medullary centre (this is to do with the medullary neurons)

39
Q

where is the 4th ventricle in relation to the pons

A

the 4th ventricle is posterior to the pons

40
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the medulla

A

9, 10, 11, 12

glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

41
Q

what structures are associated with the medulla

A

Pyramids

Olives

Cranial nerves

  • glossopharyngeal (IX)
  • vagus (X)
  • accessory (XI)
  • hypoglossal (XII)

4th ventricle

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

42
Q

what are the pyramids formed by

A

formed by the large
pyramidal (corticospinal)
tracts descending from the
motor cortex

43
Q

what is the pyramidal decussation

A

it is where axons of pyramidal tracts cross over to the opposite side at
the level just above the medulla-spinal junction (at the level of the
foramen magnum)

44
Q

what are the olives

A

The olive are protrusions out from the pyramids

45
Q

what do the olives contain

A

inferior olivary nuclei

46
Q

what is the role of the inferior olivary nuclei

A

they relay sensory information to the cerebellum

47
Q

what makes the floor of the 4th ventricle

A

the medulla and the pons

48
Q

what is the fasciculus gracilis

A

it is a medial fiber tract which carries sensor information from the upper limb

49
Q

what is the fasciculus cuneatus

A

it is the lateral fiber tract which carries sensory information from the lower limb

50
Q

what are the roles of the medulla

A

Role in maintaining body homeostasis

Cardiovascular centre
- Cardiac centre adjusts rate and force of heart
beat to meet the body’s needs
- Vasomotor centre adjusts blood vessel diameter
to regulate blood pressure

Respiratory centres
- control rate and depth of breathing (together with
centre in pons)

Other reflex centres
- controls activities such as coughing, sneezing,
gagging, swallowing, vomiting, sweating

51
Q

what happens if you have a stroke in the medulla or the pons

A

you will die because this is where the cardiac and respiratory centres are

therefore if those aren’t working, you can’t beat your heart and can’t breath you will die

52
Q

what is the medullas role in homeostasis

A

The hypothalamus is an important autonomic control centre. It sends its instructions to the medullary reticular centres (networks of neurons), which carry them out by synapsing with the target structure(s)

53
Q

what happens to the anatomy of the medulla as it goes into the spinal cord

A

Segmental arrangement of spinal cord ceases ( the spinal cord has levels eg C1 to L2, this is not the case for the medulla)

you also have the reorganisation of white and grey matter
- Columns of white matter become distinct tracts

  • Grey matter arranged into distinct nuclei
54
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12

55
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the brainstem

A

10

56
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the forebrain

A

2

57
Q

what kind of nerves are the cranial nerves

A

the are peripheral nerves

these nerves can either be pure sensory, pure motor or mixed

58
Q

what are some of the sensory functions of the crainial nerves

A
  • touch, pain for face
  • hearing, vision, smell
  • visceral organs
59
Q

what are some of the motor functions of the cranial nerves

A

eye movement

jaw & tongue muscles, facial expression

visceral organ activity

60
Q

what are the names of the cranial nerves

Old Opie occasionally tries trigonometry and
feels very gloomy, vague and hypoactive

A

I. Olfactory

II. Optic

III. Oculomotor

IV. Trochlear

V. Trigeminal

VI. Abducens

VII. Facial

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

IX. Glossopharyngeal

X. Vagus

XI. Accessory

XII. Hypoglossal

61
Q

which cranial nerves are sensory, motor and mixed

“Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says
Big Brains Matter Most”

A

I. Olfactory = s

II. Optic = s

III. Oculomotor = m

IV. Trochlear = m

V. Trigeminal= mixed (both)

VI. Abducens = m

VII. Facial = mixed

VIII. Vestibulocochlear = s

IX. Glossopharyngeal = mixed

X. Vagus = mixed

XI. Accessory = m

XII. Hypoglossal =m

62
Q

which cranial nerves are located in the forebrain

A

I. Olfactory

II. Optic

63
Q

which cranial nerves are located in the midbrain

A

III. Oculomotor

IV. Trochlear

64
Q

which cranial nerves are located in the pons

A

V. Trigeminal

VI. Abducens

VII. Facial

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

65
Q

which cranial nerves are located in the medulla

A

IX. Glossopharyngeal

X. Vagus

XI. Accessory

XII. Hypoglossal

66
Q

what are the olfactory nerves

A

tiny sensory nerves called filaments

67
Q

where are the olfactory nerves located

A

run from the nasal mucosa, pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone to synapse with the olfactory bulb

68
Q

the olfactory nerves are sensory. what sensation do they provide

A

sense of smell

69
Q

how would you damage the olfactory nerve and what would this damage cause

A

Damage causes impaired sense of smell (anosmia)

you could do this by fracture of ethmoid bone

70
Q

describe the visual projection pathway

A

optic nerve -> optic chiasm ->optic tract -> superior colliculis -> lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus -> optic radiation -> occipital lobe

ANAT 242 (17 decks)

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