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ANAT 242 > L3 > Flashcards

L3 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the pathway of blood drainage in the brain

A

from fine veins in the brain –> pial venous plexuses (veins in the pia) –> cerebral veins –> dural venous sinuses –> internal jugular vein –> heart

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2
Q

describe the pathway for blood drainage from the scalp

A

veins in the scalp –> emissary veins –> dural venous sinuses –>intrajugular vein –> heart

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3
Q

where are the venous sinuses located

A

between the 2 layers of the dura mater

periosteal (top) and meningeal layers

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4
Q

superior and deep structures drain into what sinuses (there’s 5)

A

superior sagittal sinus

inferior sagittal sinus

straight sinus

transverse sinuses (one on each side of the brain)

sigmoid sinus

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5
Q

where is the superior sagittal sinus located

A

it lies along the superior margin of the falx cerebri and joins onto the right transverse sinus

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6
Q

what drains CSF into the superior sagittal sinus

A

arachnoid villi

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7
Q

where is the inferior sagittal sinus located

A

it lies along the inferior margin of the falx cerebri

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8
Q

where does the inferior sagittal sinus join onto

A

the straight sinus

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9
Q

where is the straight sinus located

A

whinin the tentorium cerebelli

towards the back in the midline of the brain

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10
Q

what is the straight sinus protected by

A

the tentorium cerebelli

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11
Q

what does the straight sinus join onto

A

it joins the transverse sinus

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12
Q

where are the transverse sinuses located

A

they run in the horizontal plane

at the back of the brain going from the middle out

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13
Q

what is the sigmoid sinus continuas with

A

the transverse sinus

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14
Q

what does the sigmoid sinus opens up into

A

internal jugular vein

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15
Q

what is the confluens

A

where the sinuses join

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16
Q

inferior structures drain into what sinus

A

cavernous sinuses

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17
Q

where are the cavernous sinuses located

A

lateral to the pituitary gland (on either side) and they are linked with venous channels

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18
Q

where do the cavernous sinuses drain

A

the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

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19
Q

where are the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses located

A

they are called petrostal because they run over the petrosal bone which is part of the temporal bone

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20
Q

where does the superior petrosal sinus drain

A

into the transverse sinus

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21
Q

where does the inferior petrosal sinus drain

A

the internal jugular vein

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22
Q

the facial skin around the nose and upper lip drain into what veins

A

the ophthalmic veins

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23
Q

where do the ophthalmic veins drain

A

the cavernous venous sinus

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24
Q

how could an infection on the face or the scalp lead to meningitis

A

blood from the scalp is drained into the emissary veins which gets drained into the sinuses. from here the infection could get into the miningies causing meningitis

the facial skin around the nose and upper lip drain into the ophthalmic veins which drain into the cavernous venous sinus

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25
Q

what are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A

motor areas
- voluntary motor functions

sensory areas
- conscious awareness of sensation

association areas
- the integration of information

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26
Q

conscious behaviour involves …….

A

the entire cortex

everything is talking to each other to create a purposeful response/action

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27
Q

what are the gyri of the frontal lobe

A

superior frontal gyrus (front to back. superior is the closest to the longitudinal fissure)

middle frontal gyrus

inferior frontal gyrus

precentral gyrus (middle to out)

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28
Q

what are the sulci of the frontal lobe called

A

superior frontal sulcus

inferior frontal sulcus

central sulcus

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29
Q

what structures are found in the inferior frontal gyrus

A

orbital (most inferior)

triangular

opercular (most superior)

the triangular and opercular make up broca’s area (on the left side)

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30
Q

what makes up broca’s area

A

the triangular and opercular

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31
Q

what side of the brain is broca’s area most likely to be on

A

left

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32
Q

how could you locate broca’s area in the brain

A

where the triangular and opercular come together they form “lips”.

the lips sit anterior to the lateral sulcus

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33
Q

what is another name for the precentral gyrus

A

the primary somatic motor cortex

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34
Q

what is the precentral gyrus responsible for

A

it is the motor homunculus where the area dedicated to the specific region of the body is proportional to the amount of motor control over that region

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35
Q

where to the neurons from the precentral gyrus project to

A

each pyramidal neuron projects its axon to the spinal cord

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36
Q

what is another name for pyramidal tract

A

corticospinal tract

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37
Q

the precentral gyrus supplies about how many axons to the corticospinal tract

A

30%

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38
Q

what muscles in the body have the most precise motor control

A

face, hands and tongue

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39
Q

what is the premotor cortex responsible

A

learned motor skills eg learning how to play an instrument

in coordinates and movement and in also involved in planning that movement

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40
Q

the premotor cortex supplies what % of pyramidal tract axons

A

30%

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41
Q

what is the supplementary motor area involved in

A

motor control, particularly for speech

42
Q

where is the cingulate gyrus located

A

you can see it in the longitudinal fissure. it sits on top of the lateral ventricle

43
Q

if you damage the supplementary and cingulate motor areas what are the results

A

loss of desired skilled movements and speech

44
Q

the prefrontal cortex has extensive connections with what other lobes

A

parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

45
Q

what part of the brain is involved with intellect, complex learning abilities, recall and personality

A

prefrontal cortex

46
Q

how does the prefrontal cortex mature

A

it matures slowly and is heavily dependent on +ive and -ive feedback from one social environment (how you grow up)

47
Q

the prefrontal cortex is closely linked to the emotional part of the brain. what is this part of the brain called

A

the limbic system

48
Q

the link between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex plays a role in intuitive…..

A

judgment and mood

49
Q

damage to the prefrontal cortex results in

A

mental and personality disorders

50
Q

what are the guri in the parietal lobe

A

the postcentral gyrus

supramarginal gyrus

the angular gyrus

51
Q

where is the postcentral gyrus located

A

behind the central gyrus

52
Q

where is the supramarginal gyrus located

A

it sits at the end of the lateral sulcus

53
Q

where is the angular gyrus located

A

sits at the end of the superior temporal sulcus

54
Q

there are 2 “sub-lobes” in the parietal lobe. what are these called

A

the superior and inferior parietal lobes

55
Q

what separates the the superior and inferior parietal lobes

A

the intraparietal sulcus

56
Q

what is another name for the postcentral gyrus

A

the primary somatosensory cortex

57
Q

what is the role of the postcentral gyrus

A

it is dedicated to the sensations of various body parts. the bigger the representation in the cortex the more sensitive it is

it is also involved in spatial discrimination

58
Q

occlusion of a branch of the anterior cerebral artery to the primary somatosensory cortex would cause….

A

contralateral sensory loss greatest in the lower limb

59
Q

occlusion of a branch of the middle cerebral artery to the primary somatosensory cortex would cause….

A

contralateral sensory loss most severe to the face and upper lip

60
Q

what is another name for the superior parietal lobe

A

somatosensory association cortex

61
Q

what is the role of the superior parietal lobe

A

the somatosensory association cortex is involved in integrating different sensory inputs relayed via the primary somatosensory cortex to produce a comprehensive understanding of the…..

position of limbs

location of touch or pain

shape, weight and texture of an object

62
Q

what happens if you damage the somatosensory association cortex

A

you won’t be able to recognise objects without looking at them

63
Q

the gyri forming the walls of the calcarine sulcus form what part of the visual cortex

A

the primary visual cortex

64
Q

what runs through the middle of the primary visual cortex

A

the calcarine sulcus

65
Q

what is on either side of the primary visual cortex

A

the association cortex

66
Q

what does the visual association cortex do

A

it communicates with the primary visual cortex and interprets visual stimuli (identifies what they are)

67
Q

where are faces recognised

A

in the temporal lobe

68
Q

how do we do our seeing

A

with cortical neurons

69
Q

where is the temporal lobe located

A

inferior to the lateral sulcus

70
Q

name the gyri of the temporal lobe

A

superior temporal gyrus

middle temporal gyrus

inferior temporal gyrus

parahippocampal gyrus

71
Q

what separates the superior and middle temporal gyrus

A

the superior temporal sulcus

72
Q

what separates the middle and the inferior temporal gyrus

A

the inferior temporal sulcus

73
Q

what structures do you see from the ventral surface of the temporal lobe

A

parahippocampal gyrus

uncus

rhinal sulcus

inferior temporal gyrus

occipitotemporal sulcus

collateral sulcus

74
Q

what sits under the parahippocampal gyrus

A

the hippocampus

75
Q

what sits anterior to the parahippocampal gyrus

A

the uncus

76
Q

what runs lateral to the uncus

A

rhinal sulcus

77
Q

what runs lateral to the posterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus

A

the collateral sulcus

78
Q

what runs medial to the inferior temporal gyrus

A

occipitotemporal sulcus

79
Q

what does amygdala mean

A

almond (because it looks like a almond)

80
Q

what structures in the temporal lobe are responsible for emotion

A

the amygdala and the uncus

81
Q

what is the role of the hippocampus

A

learning and memory

82
Q

what connects the hippocampus to the rest of the brain

A

The hippocampus is connected to the rest of the brain by a white matter tract. Part of this is called the fimbria

83
Q

what is medial to the hippocampus

A

the thalamus

84
Q

what is the forex

A

The forex connects the hip to other brain regions (outlet pathway)

85
Q

where is the septum pellucidum located

A

on top of the forex

86
Q

wernicke’s area is also known as the….

A

auditory association area

87
Q

what does Wernicke’s area do

A

it is involved in the perception of sound, it stores memories of sound and is involved in the language process

88
Q

when are the neurons in the transverse temporal gyri active

A

this is an auditory area and the neurons are active when you are listening

89
Q

what is the primary auditory cortex sensitive to

A

pitch, rhythm and loudness

90
Q

what is the functions of the insular lobe

A

emotion, homeostasis, cognition and perception/self awareness

91
Q

what is another name for Broca’s area

A

the motor speech area

92
Q

where is Broca’s area located

A

it is the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus

93
Q

what is Broca’s area responsible for

A

it generates motor programs for the larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips involved in speech

it then transmits that to the primary motor cortex for action

94
Q

when does Broca’s area become active

A

when preparing to speak

95
Q

which side of the brain is Broca’s area usually located

A

on the left

96
Q

damage to Broca’s area results in…..

A

nonfluent aphasia

97
Q

what is nonfluent aphasia

A

slow speech/difficulty choosing words

the entire vocabulary may only consist of 2 or 3 words

98
Q

where is Wernicke’s area located

A

the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus

99
Q

what does Wernicke’s area do

A

permits recognition of spoken and written language

it creates a plan for speech

100
Q

what happens when you damage Wernicke’s area

A

fluent aphasia

101
Q

what is fluent aphasia

A

when speech is normal but excessive and makes little sense

the person has no understanding of the meaning of words and is not able to repeat them if asked to

ANAT 242 (17 decks)

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