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ANAT 242 > L2 > Flashcards

L2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does meninges mean

A

membrane

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2
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges

A

dura (external), arachnoid (intermediate) and pia mater (internal)

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3
Q

what is in the subarachnoid space

A

it is a large space filled with CSF

it also contains blood vessels which are poorly protected

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4
Q

where is the sub arachnoid space located

A

in between the intermediate and internal layer of the miningies

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5
Q

what are the partitions within the skull made of

A

dura mater

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6
Q

decribe the arachnoid mater

A

it is a delicit transparent membrane

it does NOT go into the sulci

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7
Q

what connects the arachnoid mater to the pia mater

A

it is connected to the pia by fine strands of connective tissue called arachnoid trabecula

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8
Q

what does arachnida mean

A

spider

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9
Q

what is a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

when bleeding results in blood being in the CSF

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10
Q

what are arachnoid villi are where are they located

A

knoblike projections of the arachnoid mater into the venis sines

these are particularly found in the upper parts of the brain at the midline

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11
Q

what are arachnoid granulations

A

aggregations of arachnoid villi which drain into the venous sinuses

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12
Q

what are cistern

A

enlarged regions of the subarachnoid space

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13
Q

what is the biggest cistern in the human (there is 2 names for it)

A

the cerebellomedullary cistern

also called the cisterna magna

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14
Q

where is the cerebellomedullary cistern located

A

below the cerebellum

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15
Q

where is the interpeduncular cistern

A

behind the pituitary gland

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16
Q

where is the pontine cistern

A

in front of the pons

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17
Q

where is the superior cistern

A

superior to the cerebellum

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18
Q

describe the membrane of the pia mater

A

it is a delicate membrane which follows cantors of the brain

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19
Q

what surrounds the blood vessels

A

pia mater

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20
Q

what forms the perivascular space

A

the pia mater

it does this by sending prolongations into the brain tissue along with blood vessels

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21
Q

what is the pia mater closely associated with

A

the chloride plexis and the ependyma

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22
Q

what is the chloride plexus

A

it is where CSF is produced

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23
Q

what are ependyma

A

these are the cells that line the ventricles

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24
Q

the spinal meninges contain dura. what is different in the spine compeered to the brain

A

the dura in the spin is made up of only the meningeal layer

it does NOT have a periosteal layer

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25
Q

why does the dura in the spinal cord not have a periosteal layer

A

the second layer would anchor the spinal cord too much.

you dont want your head to move too much but the spinal cord needs to be able to do a range of movements.

Therefore no having that layer allows for better flexion and extension of the spine

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26
Q

where is the epidural space

A

between the spinal sural sheath and the vertebral bony wall

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27
Q

what does the epidural space contain

A

fat tissue and the veins plexus

the fat acts as a cushion for the spinal cord

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28
Q

where is the epidural space largest

A

below the spinal cord (below L2)

this is where the epidural is injected. when this is done it numbs everything below L2

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29
Q

does the spinal cord have arachnoid and pia mater

A

yes

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30
Q

where is the lumbar cistern

A

it is inferior to the spinal cord (below L2)

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31
Q

where is a lumbar puncture performed

A

at the lumbar cistern (below L2)

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32
Q

why would we do a lumbar puncture

A

to test to see if there are immune cells in the CSF

if there are it could mean that you have meningitis (inflamation of the meninges)

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33
Q

how does the pia mater act in the spinal cord

A

it makes up 2 forms of support within the spinal cord

it forms the denticulate ligament which supports the spinal cord within the dural sheath. this provides lateral support

it also makes up the filum terminale which provides vertical support

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34
Q

meningitis is characterised by what

A

inflamation of the pia-arachnoid

not the dural layer

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35
Q

what is the most common infection of the CNS

A

meningitis

this is usually caused by a bacterium or a virus

36
Q

what are common symptoms for meningitis

A

fever, headache, vomiting and stiff neck (due to inflamation)

more severe symptoms are deffiness, epilepsie and water on the brain

37
Q

what is the treatment for meningitis

A

antibiotics

this needs to be administered quickly so that you can prevent the infection from traveling across the pia mater which will cause injury to the neurons of the brain

38
Q

what are the names of the 4 ventricles

A

the left and the right lateral ventricles

the 3rd ventricle

the 4th ventricle

39
Q

what are ventricles

A

fluid filled spaces in the brain which contain CSF

40
Q

what connects the lateral verticals to the 3rd ventricle

A

the inter-ventricular foramen

41
Q

what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle

A

the cerebral aqueduct

42
Q

decribe the different parts of the lateral ventricles

A

the lateral ventricles consist of a body and 3 horns

the anterior horn is located in the frontal lobe

inferior horn is in the temporal lobe

the posterior horn is located in the occipital lobe

43
Q

where is the chloride plexus located in the lateral ventricles

A

in the body and the inferior horn

looks like a backwards C

44
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle located

A

between the lateral ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct

45
Q

where is the chloride plexus located in the 3rd ventricle

A

in the roof

46
Q

what structure sits on either side of the 3rd ventricle

A

the thaliums

47
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located

A

it lies between the cerebellum (posteriorly) and the pons and medulla anteriorly

48
Q

the 4th ventricle has 3 openings which allow CSF to flow out. what are these called

A

there are 2 lateral apertures (foramina of luschka)

and 1 median aperture (foramen of magendie)

49
Q

what is the roof of the 4th ventricle formed by

A

the superior medullary velum

50
Q

what is the floor of the 4th ventricle formed by

A

the brainstem

51
Q

where is the choroid plexus located in the 4th ventricle

A

the inferior medullary velum

52
Q

where is CSF located

A

in the cerebral ventricles, spinal canal and the subarachnoid space

53
Q

how much CSF does the brain produce/absorb per day

A

500mL/day

54
Q

what are the functions of the CSF

A

buoyancy, protection, chemical stability (homeostasis)

its most important function is buoyancy as it causes the brain to flot therefore decreasing the weight of the brain by 97%

this stops the tissue from compressing down on the tissue underneath

55
Q

CSF reduced the weight of the brain by how much

A

97%

56
Q

what is the blood brain barrier formed by

A

tight junctions between endothelial cells of the cerebral capillaries

57
Q

what is the blood brain selective for

A

nutrients such as glucose, essential amino acids and electrolytes

it keeps out certain chemicals and drugs

58
Q

what is the role of the blood brain barrier

A

it acts as a protective mechanism to maintain a stable environment for the brain

59
Q

what is the blood brain barrier ineffective against

A

fat soluble molecules (such as alcohol and nicotine), O2, CO2

60
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

water on the brain

61
Q

hydrocephalus is characterised by an excessive amount of CSF in the ventricular system

what causes this

A

increased production of fluid

or

disturbance in its circulation (because of a tumor)

or

a problem with absorption into the venus sines

62
Q

how come babies with hydrocephalus have large heads

A

In babies the skull is not fused yet which means that the brain can keep getting bigger and bigger

63
Q

after the skull has fused what does hydrocephalus cause

A

the pressure causes gradual ventricular dilation which causes compression and thinning of the brain

the ventricles get larger and larger

64
Q

the brain is 2% of your body weight but receives how much blood

A

15% which is about 750 mL/min

65
Q

what % of the bodys oxygen and glucose does the brain consume

A

20%

66
Q

if blood flow were to stop to the brain what would happen depending on the time that it happened for

A

10 sec interruption in flow causes unconsciousness

1-2 min = impaired neural function

4 min + = interruption causes irreversible brain damage

67
Q

which artery suplys the most blood to the brain

A

the internal carotid artery

68
Q

what artery suplys the face and the outside of your skull with blood

A

the external carotid artery

69
Q

name the cerebral arteries

A

basilar artery

vertebral arteries

internal carotid artery

70
Q

the basilar artery is divided into what

A

two posterior cerebral arteries

71
Q

which of the cerebral arteries are found on both sides of the brain

A

internal carotid artery

anterior cerebral artery (medially)

middle cerebral artery (laterally)

72
Q

where do the anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery stem from

A

internal carotid artery

73
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

where the basilar artery connects to the internal carotid artery via posterior communicating arteries

74
Q

what is the role of the circle of willis

A

to maintain blood supply to the brain even if one of the main arteries is blocked or narrow

75
Q

the classic anatomy seen in most diagragm of the circle of willis represents what % of people

A

33%

76
Q

the classic anatomy seen in most diagragm of the circle of willis represents what % of people

A

33%

These is lots of variation and what is happening in your circle of willis has effects on your brain

77
Q

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

the medial aspect of the hemisphere (the posterior 1/3 of the brain)

specifically it supplies the occipital lobes, inferior temporal lobe regions, brainstem, the 3rd and lateral ventricles

78
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

almost all the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres

when you put your hand on your head

79
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

supplies the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres (the anterior 2/3rds) and the basal nuclei

80
Q

what is a stroke

A

the neurological dysfunction the results from a reduction of blood supply to the brain

81
Q

what causes a stroke

A

a blockage of cerebral artery (or less commonly a vein) leading to cerebral infarction or haemorrhage

this occlusion (blockage) is usually caused by a blood clot, cholesterol deposit or hemorrhagic bleeding from a ruptured vessel

82
Q

the neurological signs and syndromes of a stroke depend on what

A

which blood vessels and their branches are involved

83
Q

occlusion (blockage) of the anterior cerebral artery causes what symptoms

A

contralateral hemiplegia (one artery) or bilateral paralysis (2 arteries) and impearled sensation

this is greatest in the lower limb

84
Q

occlusion (blockage) of the middle cerebral artery causes what symptoms

A

a severe contralateral hemiplegia and impaired sensation mostly in the upper limb and face

you can also get severe aphasia (if the dominant hemisphere is affected) means have trouble speaking

85
Q

occlusion (blockage) of the posterior cerebral artery causes what symptoms

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopia (you either see the left of the right visual field)

ANAT 242 (17 decks)

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