Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RHS > L7- RTI I > Flashcards

L7- RTI I Flashcards

1
Q

adenovirus is a (small/large) (non-/enveloped) (+/-) sense (ss/ds)(RNA/DNA) virus

A

small/medium non-enveloped (+/-) sense dsDNA (linear) virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

rhinovirus is a (small/large) (non-/enveloped) (+/-) sense (ss/ds)(RNA/DNA) virus

A

(picornavirus family- icosahedral)

small non-enveloped (+) sense ssRNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

coronavirus is a (small/large) (non-/enveloped) (+/-) sense (ss/ds)(RNA/DNA) virus

A

large enveloped (+) sense ssRNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

briefly define the two groups that cause respiratory infections

A

1) professional invaders: infects healthy tract, more aggressive/virulent
2) secondary invaders: infects those with impaired defenses, less virulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

rhinovirus is a (professional/secondary) respiratory tract invader with (2) as the key infectious mechanism

A

1- professional

2- adhesion to mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bordetella pertussis is a (professional/secondary) respiratory tract invader with (2) as the key infectious mechanism

A

1- professional

2- interferes with cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

legionella pneumophilia is a (professional/secondary) respiratory tract invader with (2) as the key infectious mechanism

A

1- professional

2- resists destruction w/in alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

corynebacterium diphtheriae is a (professional/secondary) respiratory tract invader with (2) as the key infectious mechanism

A

1- professional

2- local tissue damage via toxin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

S. pneumoniae is a (professional/secondary) respiratory tract invader with (2) as the key infectious mechanism

A

1- secondary
2-
a) post viral infection (influenza virus) => pneumonia (note S. aureus can infect this way too)
b) depressed resistance seen in elderly, alcoholism, renal/hepatic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa is a (professional/secondary) respiratory tract invader with (2) as the key infectious mechanism

A

1- secondary

2- impaired local defenses (i.e. CF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

haemophilus influenzae is a (professional/secondary) respiratory tract invader with (2) as the key infectious mechanism

A

1- secondary

2- current chronic bronchitis, local FB, or tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pneumocystis jirovecii is a (professional/secondary) respiratory tract invader with (2) as the key infectious mechanism

A

1- secondary

2- depressed immune responses as seen in AIDS, neoplastic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

list the common mechanisms that weaken/defeat the defenses of the respiratory system (hint- 6)

A
  • Smoking: impairs ciliary function, inc mucus
  • Pollution: induces inflammation
  • Endotracheal Intubation: mucosal injury, impairs ciliary function, site of attachment
  • Cough Reflex Suppression: aspiration (seen in impaired consciousness)
  • Predisposing Infections: receptor upregulation, setting for secondary invader
  • Homeostasis disruption: age, malnutrition, immunosuppression, underlying disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(cough/sneezing) is more effective at spreading infections

A

**Sneezing: 100 mph, 100000 droplets

cough: 50 mph, 3000 droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

list the ways exogenous infections are acquired

A

1) secretions: nasal/oral, small droplets (hrs), dried droplet nuclei (days)
2) inhalation (i.e. dust, fungal spores)
3) self inoculation: rubbing hands with droplets on eyes, nose, mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

list the ways endogenous infections are spread or initiate

A

(usually members of normal microbiota)
1) situations predisposing RT infections

2) normal flora in unusual location: i) relocation due to age, preceding infection, smoker // ii) underlying disease like COPD, asthma, CF
3) preceding infection –> damage –> secondary infection
4) URT flora aspirated into lungs (aspiration pneumonia via mixed flora)

17
Q 
define the following:
1- rhinitis
2- rhinosinusitis / sinusitis
3- nasopharyngitis / rhinopharyngitis
4- pharyngitis
A

1- nasal mucosa inflammation
2- inflammation of nares, paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid)

3- inflammation of nares, pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, tonsils (common cold)
4- inflammation of pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, tonsils

18
Q 
define the following:
1- epiglottitis / supraglottitis
2- laryngitis
3- laryngotracheitis
4- tracheitis
A

1- inflammation of superior larynx and supraglottic area
2- inflammation of larynx
3- inflammation of larynx, trachea, subglottic area
4- inflammation of trachea and subglottic area

19
Q

Give the term for the following definitions:

(1) inflammation of larynx, trachea, subglottic area
(2) inflammation of trachea and subglottic area
(3) inflammation of nares, pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, tonsils
(4) inflammation of pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, tonsils
(5) nasal mucosa inflammation
(6) inflammation of nares, paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid)
(7) inflammation of superior larynx and supraglottic area
(8) inflammation of larynx

A 
1- laryngotracheitis
2- tracheitis
3- nasopharyngitis / rhinopharyngitis (common cold)
4- pharyngitis
5- rhinitis
6- sinusitis / rhinosinusitis
7- epiglottitis
8- laryngitis
20
Q

list and define the 3 common terms used to define infections of LRT

A

acute bronchitis: inflammation of air tubes / bronchi

bronchiolitis: bronchiolar inflammation
pneumonia: inflammation of one or both lungs

21
Q

list the 3 ways pneumonias are categorized

A

Area of Lung Affected: lobar, bronchopneumonia, interstitial

Location of Acquisition: CA, HA, ventilator associated

Causative Agent: bacterial, viral, other

22
Q

Common Cold:

  • (1) alternate names
  • (2) most common season
  • (3) routes of transmission
  • (4) most contagious period
  • (5) prognosis
A

1- rhinitis, nasopharyngitis, rhinopharyngitis
2- fall, winter (although in all seasons)
3- secretions/droplets from another OR self-inoculation post fomite contact
4- first 2-3 days, usually not contagious after first week
5- mild, self limiting disease (great although #1 cause of missing work/school)

23
Q

The most common cause of the common cold is (1). (2) and (3) are the other very popular causative agents.

A

1- rhinovirus
2- coronavirus
3- adenovirus

Note- many other viruses may cause rhinitis, but no significant bacterial causes

24
Q

indicate the most common season of transmission for the following:

(1) rhinovirus
(2) coronavirus
(3) adenovirus

A

1- summer (+ spring and early fall)
2- winter
3- throughout the year

Note- in order of most common causes for the common cold

25
Q

In the common cold:

  • Sxs start (1) after acquiring virus
  • (2) most common Sxs
  • (3) if present is usually mild, but is more present in children
  • (4) additional Sxs
A

1- 2-3 days (rarely up to 1 wk)
2- nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, scratchy throat, sneezing
3- fever (low-grade, usually present in young children)
4- watery eyes, cough, sore throat, HA, muscle aches, postnasal drip, dec appetite

26
Q

list the 4 complications that can stem from the common cold

A
  • acute rhinosinusitis/sinusitis (viral > bacterial)
  • LRT disease (unusual): via RSV, HPIV –> acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia
  • Asthma / COPD exacerbation (viral)
  • Acute Otitis Media (viral, bacterial)
27
Q

Rhinovirus:

(1) viral family
(2) key features
(3) labile in what condition
(4) subtypes

A

1- picornaviridae
2- small, non-enveloped, ssRNA(+), icosahedral
3- acidic pH
4- RhV(A, B, C) + by capsid proteins VP(1, 2, 3, 4)

28
Q

Rhinoviruses are responsible for (1)% of all common colds, mostly in the (2) season. Risk factors include (3). The main complication from the common cold via rhinovirus is (4).

A

1- 50%
2- summer (+ spring and fall)
3- smoking, crowding (daycare), extreme age (elderly, babies)
4- acute Asthma and COPD exacerbation

29
Q

Rhinovirus Pathogenesis:

(1) most common route of entry / major group, indicate subtypes
(2) second most common route of entry / minor group, indicate subtypes
(3) least common route of entry, indicate subtypes

(1), (2), (3) all lead to (4) and then (5)

A

1- ICAM-1 (intracellular adhesion molecule); 90% RhA, RhB
2- LDLR (low density lipoprotein receptor); 10% RhA, RhB
3- HRVC; RhC (unknown pathogensis)

4- inflammation (via CKs)
5- airway remodeling (via GFs)

30
Q

rhinovirus can survive alone in the environment for….

A

2 hrs - 7 days

31
Q

Rhinovirus, indicate the feature for the following functions:

  • (1) upper RT infection
  • (2) high number of serotypes
  • (3) enables transmission
  • (4) resistance (or dec sensitivity) to surface cleaners
A

1- optimal growth at 33-35C
2- antigenic drift
3- stability in environment (relatively)
4- non-enveloped

32
Q

Rhinovirus, indicate the function of the following features:

  • (1) stability in environment (relatively)
  • (2) non-enveloped
  • (3) optimal growth at 33-35C
  • (4) antigenic drift
A

1- enables transmission
2- resistance / less sensitive to surface cleaners (alcohols, disinfectants)
3- ideal for upper RT infection
4- high number of viral serotypes

RHS (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions