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Systemic Pathology (Spring 2015) > L7: Path of the Integumentary System (Ginn) > Flashcards

L7: Path of the Integumentary System (Ginn) Flashcards

1
Q

fxs of skin

A
  • temp/BP regulation
  • fluid regulation
  • protection
  • sensation
  • nutrient metabolism
  • immune functions: SALT
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2
Q

layers of skin

A

panniculus (deep fat layer)
adnexa (sebaceous, apocrine glands, hair follicles)
dermis (prod. by fibroblasts)
basement membranes
epidermis (surface of skin; composed of s. basal/s. spinosum/s.granulosum/s.corneum)

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3
Q

stages of hair follicle

A

anagen (growth)
catagen (cessation)
telogen (resting)

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4
Q

acanthosis***

A

hyperplasia of the epidermis

-can be regular (ie. drug rxn), irregular, paillated (ie. seborrhea, viral infection) or pseudocarcinomatosis

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5
Q

hyperkeratosis

A

increased width of stratum corneum
-2 types: ORTHOKERATOTIC (cells of stratum corneum develop normally but lose nuclei too quickly; ie. chronic insult to skin) or PARAKERATOTIC (cells haven’t matured normally and haven’t lost nuclei normally; signals epi not returning normally, underlying dz such as chronic liver dz, diabetes, pancreatic tumor)

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6
Q

ichthyosis

A

congenital hyperkeratosis

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7
Q

seborrhea

A

condition in which flakes of dead skin are shed from the epidermis and hair follicles

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8
Q

dyskeratosis

A
  • premature keratinization of cells in the epidermis
  • often seen in parakeratosis**
  • often due to sun damage
  • cells taking first steps to neoplasm
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9
Q

apoptosis

A

individual cell necrosis

  • programmed cell death
  • most common cause = drug rxn
  • causes erythema multiforme
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10
Q

2 types of epidermal necrosis

A
  • apoptosis

- full thickness epidermal necrosis (also usually drug rxn; ex- toxic epidermal necrolysis)

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11
Q

cutaneous atrophy

A
  • not getting enough blood, hormones (most common), etc.
  • can affect epidermis, hair follicles, and dermis
  • telogen hair follicles –> alopecia
  • acantholysis: loss of intercellular connections, such as desmosomes, resulting in loss of cohesion b/w keratinocytes
  • epidermis becomes very thin
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12
Q

spongiosis

A

intercellular edema

-type I hypersensitivity rxns

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13
Q

hydropic degeneration

A

fluid accum. in basal epidermis

  • type of intracellular edema
  • can form blisters
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14
Q

ballooning degeneration

A

keratinocytes w/n epidermis balloon up and can burst

  • type of intracellular edema
  • often a viral cytopathic effect
  • mech. of vesicle formation
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15
Q

Acantholysis

A

loss of intercellular connections, such as desmosomes, resulting in loss of cohesion b/w keratinocytes

  • enzymatic destruction (caused by neuts), type II hypersensitivity (ie. pemphigus foliaceus)
  • main differentials: bacterial or fungal rxn, true cytotoxic rxn**
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16
Q

most common autoimmune disease

A

pemphigus foliaceus

17
Q

3 locations of vesicles/bullae**

A

1) subepidermal (worst, ulcerative; bolus phemphigoid, burns, toxic epidermal necrosis, EB or lupus can cause)
2) subcorneal (pemphigus foliaceous)
3) suprabasal (pemphigus vulgaris can cause)

18
Q

path. of vesicles or pustules

A
  • marked spongiosis, hydropic or ballooning degen.
  • enzymatic/immune/mechanical or destruction
  • genetic structural defects
19
Q

Pautrier’s microabscesses

A
  • collection of lymphocytes in the epidermis –> pustule

- indicative of epitheliotrophic lymphoma aka mycosis fungoides (neoplastic dz. of lymphocytes)**

20
Q

3 possible fillings of pustules

A

neuts
eos
Pautrier’s microabscesses

21
Q

what causes hypopigmentation?

A

damage to melanocytes or BM, defects in form. of melanin or lack of melanocytes

22
Q

3 causes of folliculitis***

A

demodex
dermatophytes
bacteria (staph)

23
Q

urticaria

A

hives

-compressible, fluid-filled

24
Q

mucinosis

A
  • excess mucin (mucin = glycosaminoglycan substance b/w collagen bundles)
  • Sharpeis
  • can be caused by hormonal imbalance like hypothyroid or feline eosinophilic plaques
25
Q

infiltrate of eos or mast cells –> collagen

A

degeneration/collagenolysis

26
Q

2 categories of collagen mineralization

A

1) dystrophic (hyper?adrenocorticism, chronic renal failure)

2) metastatic

27
Q

elastosis

A

added compliance/elasticity of skin by inc. elastin

28
Q

calcinosis cutis

A

deposition of Ca salts

  • hyperadrenocorticism
  • eventually ulcerates
29
Q

things that cause vasculitis

A 
thrombosis
ischemia
edema
hemorrhage
atrophy
30
Q

presence of mononuclear phagocytes indicates:

A

persistent Ag in tissue

31
Q

perivascular dermatitis

A
  • most common type of dermatitis
  • generic response of skin to injury
  • suggests hypersensitivity*
  • aggregates of inflamm. cells around vessels
  • acute or chronic
  • often eos present**
32
Q

Culicoides hypersensitivity

A
  • insect bite hypersensitivity

- pruritis, alopecia, acanthosis, hyperpigmentation

33
Q

interface dermatitis

A

-hydropic degen/apoptosis in basal layer
-leuks at interface b/w dermis and epidermis
-usually immune-mediated
-pigmentary incontinence
+/- vesicles
-most common path = T cell attack on keratinocytes or melanocytes or BM components
-Discoid Lupus in GSD –> erosions, depig, crusting

34
Q

Uveodermatologic Syndrome

A
  • Akitas

- depig, uveitis

35
Q

Vasculitis

A
  • leuks WITHIN walls of capillaries and venules
  • edema, hemorrhage, necrosis
  • type III hypersensitivity (immune complex deposition in vessels)
  • primary bacterial skin dz, bacterial septicemia (ie. Diamond Pig Skin Dz) or systemic infection w/ endotheliotropic orgs. such as Rickettsia
  • lesions usually on extremities
36
Q

Nodular to Diffuse Dermatitis

A
  • difuse infiltrates of leukocytes in dermis
  • path: persistence of Ag in tissue stimulate a cell mediated immune response
  • grossly: multiple papules, nodules +/- ulceration
  • causes: fungi, acid fast bacteria, parasites, protozoans, oomycetes, algae, idiopathic, FB, neoplasm
37
Q

Vesicular or Pustular Dermatitis

A
  • vesicles of pustules are w/n or below epidermis(subcorneal, suprabasilar, or subepidermal)
  • marked spongiosis, hydropic or ballooning degen.
  • enzymatic/immune/mechanical destruction
38
Q

panniculitis

A
  • SC fat is focus of inflamm.
  • gross: papules, nodules
  • histo: inflamm. of subcutis; nodular to diffuse
  • causes (same as nodular to diffuse): fungi, acid fast bacteria, parasites, protozoans, oomycetes, algae, idiopathic, FB, neoplasm, + pancreatitis
39
Q

Atrophic dermatoses

A
  • symmetric hypotrichosis, thin skin
  • comedones, telangiectasia, hyperpigmentation
  • focal atrophic dermatosis - partical ischemia
  • hormonal imbalance: hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, sex hormone imbalance
  • ischemia if focal

Systemic Pathology (Spring 2015) (10 decks)

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