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Systemic Pathology (Spring 2015) > L1: Digestive System Path: Forestomach, Intestines (Castleman) > Flashcards

L1: Digestive System Path: Forestomach, Intestines (Castleman) Flashcards

1
Q

3 main types of path of rumen/reticulum/omasum

A
  • infectious inflammatory diseases
  • chemical ruminitis
  • bloat (tympany)
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2
Q

types of infectious rumenitis/omasitis/reticulitis

A 
erosive/ulcerative
proliferative
necrotizing (seen with fungal and toxicity)
psuedomembranous
granulomatous
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3
Q

appearance of mycotic omasitis

A

bullseye lesions with coag necrotic center caused by depopulization of rumen mucosa and infiltration of fungal agents (is aspergillus) to invade and underline mucosa

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4
Q

pathogenesis of rumenitis caused by lactic acidosis

A

1) carbohydrate overload
2) lactic acid burn of mucosa
3) acidosis
4) scarring, mycotic infection or bacterial infection –> necrotizing hepatitis

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5
Q

appearance of rumenitis

A

cooked appearance, sloughing of epithelium due to low pH, scarring

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6
Q

types of path of stomach/abomasum

A
  • ulcers
  • inflammatory disease
  • rupture
  • neoplasia
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7
Q

associated conditions of ulcers

A
  • trauma, chemical injury
  • high acidity
  • local ischemia
  • helicobacter spp.
  • parasites
  • neoplastic disease: mast cells and gastrin-producing tumors
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8
Q

how do mast cells induce ulceration

A

stimulate H2 receptors to produce acid

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9
Q

2 things that cause ulcer of glandular mucosa of stomach

A

1) ulcer (various causes)

2) gastric carcinoma

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10
Q

risk factors of abomasal ulcers

A

(poorly defined)

  • calving and early lactation in dairy cows (maybe due to stress, diet, perfusion)
  • rapidly growing calves fed 2x daily
  • calves, cows/bulls treated with NSAID’s
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11
Q

sequelae of abomasal ulcers

A
  • fatal hemorrhage
  • chronic hemorrhage
  • perforation and peritonitis
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12
Q

appearance of chronic abomasal ulcers

A
  • similar to chronic ulcers in monogastrics

- raised borders

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13
Q

where are pigs most likely to get stomach ulceration?***

A

SQUAMOUS portion of stomach, which is around cardia. NOT glandular mucosa as in other animals.

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14
Q

causes of gastritis/abomasitis

A

1) Infectious (clostridial, fungal, parasitic, helicobacter)

2) toxic

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15
Q

appearance of clostridial abomasitis

A

-necrotic, hemorrhage with GAS BUBBLES (induced by clostridial exotoxins)

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16
Q

appearance of Osteragiasis

A
  • imbedded L3/L4 larvae –> thick, lumpy appearance

- results in Protein Losing Abomasopathy

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17
Q

gastric rupture assoc. with what in horse?

A

SI obstruction

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18
Q

how can you tell if gastric rupture occured antemortem?

A

if hemorrhage present along ruptured edge

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19
Q

types of gastric/abomasal neoplasia

A
  • adenocarcinoma (tumor of mucus cells)
  • leiomyoma/leimomyosarcoma/GIST (smooth m. tumor/spindle cell tumors)
  • lymphoma (commonly ST in cats, abomasum in cattle)
  • squamous cell carcinoma (horses)
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20
Q

T/F: leiomyomas often clinically silent

A

T

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21
Q

GIST =

A

gastrointestinal stromal tumor (a type of spindle cell tumor)

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22
Q

3 types of spindle cell tumors

A

leiomyoma
leiomyosarcoma
gastrointestinal stromal tumor
-usually clinically silent until invade and cause peritonitis

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23
Q

Q: most likely cause of diffuse hyperplastic abomasitis in bovine is:

a) ostertagia ostertagi
b) bovine virus diarrhea virus
c) aspergilus sp.
d) mycobacteria bovis
e) arcanobacter pyogenes

A

A) ostertagia ostertagi (see pic slide 64)

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24
Q

see slide 64/65 of L01***

A

:)

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25
Q

causes of GI obstruction

A
  • gastric/abomasal volvulus
  • intestinal volvulus/torsion
  • intestinal external herniation
  • intestinal internal herniation/entrapment
  • intussusception
  • intestinal stenosis/atresia
  • intestinal stricture
  • enteroliths and impactions
26
Q

consequences of volvulus

A
  • obstruction of lumen

- obstruction of vascular supply and hemorrhagic infarction

27
Q

torsion def.

A

twist around the long axis of the intestinal segment

28
Q

volvulus def.

A

twist in axis outside the long axis of the organ and involving the mesentery

29
Q

strangulating lipoma common in older horses

A

T

30
Q

intussuscipiens vs. intussusceptum***

A

intussuscipiens on outside, intussusceptum on inside

31
Q

predisposing factors for intussusceptions

A
  • enteritis/altered motility
  • intestinal FB (esp. linear FB)
  • intestinal polyp/neoplasm
32
Q

linear FB induces ulcers on what border?**

A

MESENTERIC (can result in peritonitis)

33
Q

4 types of stenosis/atresia

A

(se on pg. 79)

  • stenosis (narrowing of lumen)
  • membrane atresia (membrane goes across lumen)
  • cord atresia (cord in place of continuous lumen)
  • blind end atresia (completely separated segments)
34
Q

is atresia developmental?

A

yes

35
Q

is stenosis developmental?

A

no

36
Q

chars. of intestinal adenocarcinoma in DOGS

A

age: 9yo
- more common in males
- colon/rectum (55%) or SI
- plaque like or ulcerated appearance +/- polypoid
- usually constrictive in SI

37
Q

behavior of adenocarcinoma if untreated

A

spreads to local LN, peritoneum, liver

38
Q

chars. of intestinal adenocarcinoma in CATS

A
  • age: 11yo
  • males more common
  • Siamese cats
  • 90% in SI
  • almost always annular and constrictive/obstructive
39
Q

2 types of epithelial tumors

A

adenoma

adenocarcinoma

40
Q

sequelae of intestinal lymphangiectasia/lymphatic lipogranulomas

A

dilation of lymphatics –> PLE, can’t absorb fat well, lymphopenic

41
Q

know what linear FB looks like grossly***

A

(pg. 84)

42
Q

slide 85/86***

A

:)

43
Q

what allows villi to contract?

A

smooth m.

44
Q

where are stem cells in intestine?

A

crypts

45
Q

3 mechs. of diarrhea in enterocolitis

A

1) maldigestion/malabsorption: Osmotic (due to villous atrophy, etc.)
2) Secretory mechanisms: Cl- secretion (from infectious agents working at lvl of crypts)
3) increased permeability (due to mucosal epithelial damage)

46
Q

types of exudate in enterocolitis

A
  • necrotizing
  • fibrinonecrotic
  • hemorrhagic
  • proliferative
  • granulomatous
47
Q

what things cause villous atrophy?

A 
virus, protozoa including:
-coronavirus
-rotavirus
-cryptosporidia
-enteric calicivirus
-norovirus
-enteric synctial virus
-parvovirus
-astrovirus
- some E. coli
"CREEP CANE"
48
Q

what things target intestinal crypt cells?

A
  • parvovirus
  • BVD
  • Rinderpest
  • mycotoxins
  • radiation
49
Q

Q: Which of the following infectious agents induces necrosis of crpyt epithelial cells?*****

a) rotavirus
b) coronavirus
c) Cryptosporidia sp.
d) parvovirus

A

parvo (also, feline panleukopenia)

50
Q

classic dz resulting in fibrinonecrotic lesions and fibrin casts**

A

enteric salmonellosis

51
Q

pathogenetic mechanisms of salmonella

A

1) attach to M-cells, enterocytes, and goblet cells
2) survive in phagosome
3) enterotoxin/verotoxin/endotoxin induce necrosis of mucosa
4) upregulation of Cl- secretion via PGE2

52
Q

3 forms of salmonella

A

1) Peracute septicemia
2) acute enteric salmonellosis
3) chronic enteric salmonellosis

53
Q

peracute septicemia form of salmonella–>

A

vasculitis, thrombosis

54
Q

acute enteric salmonellosis form of salmonella –>

A

enterocolitis, septicemia (hepatocellular necrosis, lymphadenomegally, splenomegaly, fibrinous cholecystitis)

55
Q

chronic enteric salmonellosis –>

A

enterocolitis, thrombosis, rectal stricture in pig

56
Q

what other bacteria can cause fibrinonecrosis besides salmonella?**

A

E. coli
Clostridium difficile
Lawsonia intracellularis

57
Q

Causes of hemorrhagic enterocolitis (4)**

A

Clostridia perfringens
Shigellosis (primates)
Lawsonia intracellularis (pigs)
coccidiosis

58
Q

2 causes of hyperplastic (proliferative?) enterocolitis**

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

Coccidiosis

59
Q

2 causes of granulomatous enterocolitis**

A

1) mycobacterial infection (ie. Johne’s disease)

2) Histoplasmosis, deep mycoses

60
Q

Q: which of the following infectious agents most commonly induces fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis?

a) Rotavirus
b) Salmonella
c) Cryptosporidia
d) Mycobacteria
e) Lawsonia intracellularis

A

B) Salmonella sp.

61
Q

Q: which most commonly induces proliferative enteritis?

a) rotavirus
b) salmonella
c) cryptosporidia
d) mycobacteria
e) Lawsonia intracellularis

A

e) lawsonia intracellularis

Systemic Pathology (Spring 2015) (10 decks)

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