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BIO230 Entomology > L7 Developmental adaptations > Flashcards

L7 Developmental adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 options do insects have to cope with unfavourable conditions

A

migrate or enter a dormant state

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2
Q

what does the photoperiod predict

A

future seasonal conditions

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3
Q

how is the photoperiod detected

A

brain or photoreceptors in eyes

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4
Q

give an example of an insect which migrates

A

monarch butterfly

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5
Q

what is the furthest recorded insect migration

A

18,000 km by plantana flavescens (dragonfly)

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6
Q

what is the photoperiod

A

day length

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7
Q

what is involved in pre migratory behaviour

A

redirecting metabolism to energy storage instead of reproduction

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8
Q

how many insects migrate across the South of the UK every year

A

~ 3.5 trillion

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9
Q

in which climate are periods of dormancy most likely to occur

A

temperate

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10
Q

what is the name for dormancy occurring in summer

A

aestivation

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11
Q

what is the name for dormancy occurring in winter

A

hibernation

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of halted development

A

quiescence and diapause

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13
Q

what is quiescence

A

halted/slowed development as a direct response to unfavourable conditions

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14
Q

what is diapause

A

arrested development and adaptive physiological changes, normal development continues with physiological stimuli

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15
Q

which of quiescence and diapause are internally monitored

A

diapause

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16
Q

what is a disadvantage to diapause

A

responds to physiological cues rather than environmental stimuli so conditions might not always be favourable when emerging

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17
Q

what is voltinism

A

the number of generations per year

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18
Q

what is the name for having 1 generation per year

A

univoltine

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19
Q

what is the name for having 2 generations per year

A

bivoltine

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20
Q

what is the name for having more than 2 generations per year

A

multi / polyvoltine

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21
Q

what is the name for having less than 1 generation per year

A

semivoltine

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22
Q

which regions are more likely to have semivoltine insects

A

colder temperatures or nutritionally poor conditions

23
Q

give an example of a semivoltine insect

A

period cicadas
broad-bpdied chaser dragonfly

24
Q

what is the name for diapuase which occurs regardless of environmental cues and which insect is it likely to occur in (in terms of generations/year)

A

obligatory diapause (genetically programmed)
univoltine (one generation per year)

25
Q

what is facultative diapause

A

diapause which is optional

26
Q

when might facultative diapause occur

A

survival of unfavourable conditions like food shortage

27
Q

which insects show facultative diapause (in terms of gen/yr)

A

bivoltine or multivoltine

28
Q

how long can diapause last

A

days, months, sometimes years

29
Q

when in insect lifecycle is diapause most likely and why

A

egg or pupal
conveniently packaged in protective layer

30
Q

when might reproductive diapause occur

A

when metabolism must be directed towards surviving environmental stress (migration, production of cryoproducts)

31
Q

what does phenology mean

A

timing or seasonality

32
Q

what is the negative implication of climate change on diapause

A

photoperiod is unchanged but temperature is elevated
longer growing season creates asynchrony between plants and insects

33
Q

what are the 2 main environmental extremes influencing insects

A

temperature and humidity

34
Q

what effect does extreme cold have on insects

A

cause desiccation - freezing body fluids

35
Q

how can insects survive extreme cold

A

cryoprotection

36
Q

what is supercooling

A

when liquid is cooled to a temperature below it’s freezing point but does not freeze

37
Q

what is a supercooling point

A

the lowest temperature an insect can be cooled before spontaneous ice nucleation occurs in body fluid

38
Q

how is ice formed

A

impurities in water act as nucleating points forming ice crystals

39
Q

what is the most common adaptation to cold

A

freeze avoidance (defences)

40
Q

where is freeze intolerance common

A

N hemisphere, temperate areas
cold seasonal but can last long

41
Q

what do freeze intolerant insects do to prepare for cold

A

lower supercooling point by producing anti-freezes and heat shock proteins, accumulate cryoprotectant, remove nucleating agents

42
Q

where is freeze tolerance found

A

S hemisphere and very cold places where freezing periods are extended

43
Q

what do freeze tolerant species do to prepare for cold

A

produce ice-nucleating and heat-shock proteins, accumulate cryoprotectant

44
Q

why do freeze tolerant insects freeze at higher temps

A

avoid rapid uncontrolled formation of ice crystals which cause injury

45
Q

give an example of a freeze tolerant insect

A

arctic woolly bear moth

46
Q

which has a higher mortality, freeze tolerance or avoidance

A

avoidance

47
Q

what is rapid cold hardening (RCH)

A

almost instant cold tolerance for brief exposures to non-lethal temperatures before insect is in a cold-hardy state

48
Q

what threats to extreme heat pose

A

denaturing proteins and water loss

49
Q

what behaviour can allow acclimation to warmer temperature

A

burrowing

50
Q

what threat does aridity pose

A

water loss

51
Q

how can water loss be dealt with in arid conditions

A

enclosure of spiracles, low Na+ levels (low metabolic rate) secretion of uric acid

52
Q

what takes up the majority of a stag beetles life time

A

underground as larva, 3-7 years

53
Q
A

BIO230 Entomology (10 decks)

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