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BIO230 Entomology > L5 the cuticle > Flashcards

L5 the cuticle Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 functions of the cuticle

A

Mechanical protection
Prevents desiccation
Protective barier against bacteria, viruses and tocins
Location of colours and patterns important for behaviour
Supports body and provides points for muscle attachment via connecting tonofilaments

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2
Q

What is likely to be seen in cuticle shape at a point where muscle is attached

A

Infolding

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3
Q

What is the living layer od the cuticle made of

A

Epithelial cells resting on connective tissue

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4
Q

Where does the non-livign layer of the cuticle come from

A

Secreted from the epithelial cells during moulting

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5
Q

What are the layers of the non-living cuticle and where are they

A

Epicuticle - thin and on outside
Procuticle - inside

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6
Q

What are the layers of the non-living cuticle and where are they

A

Epicuticle - thin and on outside
Procuticle - inside

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7
Q

What are the 2 definite layers of the epicuticle
What is their structure

A

Inner and outer epicuticle
Inner - thicker, lipoprotein layer
Outer - very thin

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8
Q

What are the 2 potential additional layers of the epicuticle
What is their structure and goal

A

Wax layer - water retention, bipolar molecules (hydro phobic / phillic)
Cement layer - protect wax layer from heat or abrasion

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9
Q

What direction do neighbouring chitin chains run in

A

Opposite

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10
Q

What holds chitin together

A

H bonds

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11
Q

What do chitins come together to form

A

Microfibrils

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12
Q

How is chitin arranged

A

Forms fibrils which wrap w/ proteins and assemble in to fibre
Fibre assembles to bundles

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13
Q

How do bundles arrange themselves

A

Parallel to eachother

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14
Q

What is the name for what bundles arrange themselves into

A

Pseudolayers

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15
Q

What structure do the pseudolayers take on

A

Stack into helices, rotated ariund central axis

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16
Q

How do microfibril alternate their production - what are the 2 forms

A

Helicoidally arranged and uni-directional

17
Q

What can limit growth of microfibril layers

A

Food supply

18
Q

How are lamella arranged in helicoidal arrangement

A

Each layer (lamella) rotates anti-clockwise by fixed angle

19
Q

How are lamellae organised in unidirection microfibril

A

Lamellate alternated with uniformly orientated microfibrils in same direction

20
Q

Are soft cuticles more or less hydrophilic than hard cuticles

A

More

21
Q

Where are proteins secreted from

A

Golgi apparatus

22
Q

What molecules with a soft cuticle contain in higher proportions than a hard cuticle

A

Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Histidine
Lysine
Tyrosine

23
Q

What kind of insects are likely to have undifferentiated procuticle and why

A

Holometabolous larval insects
Allows larva to remain extensible and facilitates intrastadial growth
Permits changes in body form
Conserves energy

24
Q

What process results in a rigid cuticle

A

Tanning

25
Q

What part of an insect is likley to be heavily tanned

A

Mandibles

26
Q

Is tanning reversible

A

Irreversible - cannot be eaten or reabsorbed

27
Q

What is tanning and how many methods of it are there

A

Cross-linking between proteins to form hard matrix
3

28
Q

What are the processes of tanning and what is the end product

A

Quinone tanning = protein becomes lijked to quinone, cuticle darkens
B-sclerotinisation = protein linked to molecule, cuticle hard but colourless (e.g. Eyes)
Melanin = fills gaps in protein matrix, cuticle darkens and protects against UV, influences thermoreg

29
Q

Where might a membranous cuticle be found

A

Between sclerites

30
Q

In a membronous cuticle, is the procuticle tanned or untanned

A

Untanned

31
Q

What determines the degree of moement in a membranous cuticle

A

Extent of membrane (size) and method of articulation (monocondylic or dicondylic)

32
Q

Is formation of a membranous cuticle irriversible

A

No

33
Q

Where is ecoscuticle absent

A

Ecdysial lines

34
Q

What occurs at the ecdysial lines

A

Cuticle splits duting ecdysis

35
Q

What protein is found in elastic / extensible cuticle

A

Resilin

36
Q

How does resilin maintain elasticity

A

Amino acids form cross-links between protein chains whcih prevents other cross-linking

37
Q

What minerals may be added in calcification

A

Calcite
Vaterite
Hydroxyapatite

38
Q

Which insects is calcified procuticle found in and why

A

Immature insects
Calcification would make mature insects too heavy for flight

BIO230 Entomology (10 decks)

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