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BIO230 Entomology > L4 Insect anatomy (thorax, legs and wings) > Flashcards

L4 Insect anatomy (thorax, legs and wings) Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the thorax

A

Mesosoma

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2
Q

What are the 3 sections of the thorax and ehat is found on each section

A

Prothorax = pair of legs
Mesothorax = pair of legs and wings
Metathorax = pair of legs and wings

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3
Q

What are sclerites
What joins them

A

Set of plates
Connected by tough elastic membrane

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of sclerite

A

Nota
Pleura
Sterna

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5
Q

What is the shape and location of the nota, pleura and sterna sclerites

A

Nota - concave, upper surface
Pleura - convex, lower surface
Sterna - ventral (sides)

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6
Q

What specialisation is seen in the thorax of Hymenoptera

A

Mesosoma dividied in to 3 thoracic segments and 1st abdominal segment

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7
Q

What specialisation is seen in the thorax of Hymenoptera

A

Mesosoma dividied in to 3 thoracic segments and 1st abdominal segment

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8
Q

Which suborder of Hymenoptera has this specialisation

A

Apoctita - bees, wasps and ants

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9
Q

Which suborder of Hymenoptera has this specialisation

A

Apoctita - bees, wasps and ants

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10
Q

What is the 1st abdominal segment of Apocrita called

A

Propodeum

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11
Q

What is the 1st abdominal segment of Apocrita called

A

Propodeum

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12
Q

What adaptation is found in the thorax of Odonata and why

A

Mesothorax as greatly enlarged as it contains the flight muscles

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13
Q

What are pseudopods

A

Fake legs

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14
Q

A holometabolous species may … legs
Lack or have

A

Lack

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15
Q

What is the name for species where the adult and larvae will both have legs

A

Hemimetabolous

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16
Q

What does apodous mean

A

To lack legs

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17
Q

What does apodous mean

A

To lack legs

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18
Q

How many joints does an insect leg have

A

6

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19
Q

How many joints does an insect leg have

A

6

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20
Q

A two-segmented trochanta is found in which insect order

A

Odonata

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21
Q

If a 2-segmented trochanter is present, what is the appearance of the second trochanter

A

Appears as part of the femur

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22
Q

What is the tarsus subdivided into at its end

A

Pretarsus
Typically 2 clawed

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23
Q

What is the tarsus subdivided into at its end

A

Pretarsus
Typically 2 clawed

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24
Q

Where on the body do female bees collect pollen

A

Hind tibia
Basitarsi (top tarsal segment)
Sometimes abdomen

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25
What adaptations do bees have for pollen collection
Enlarged tibia Dense hairs = pollen brush
26
What is a corbicula What is its structure
Pollen basket Smooth shiny area surrounded by ring of long hair on hind tibia
27
Which type of bees have corbicula
Female social bumblebees
28
What is the general structure of wings
Membrane supported by series of sclerotinised veins
29
What element of wings can be seen on hemimetabolous insects
Small wing buds on exoskeleton
30
What element of wings can be seen on hemimetabolous insects
Small wing buds on exoskeleton
31
How many pairs of wings do most insects have and where are they found
2 forewings on mesothorax hindwings on metathorax
32
If only one sex has wings, which is it more likely to be
Males eith wings
33
Give an example of an insect where only the males are winged
Moths
34
Give an example of an insect where only the demale is winged
Fig wasp
35
Which of the wings (forewing or hindwing) is more likley to be folded
Hindwing
36
How many main theories of wing evolution are there and what are they
1. extensions of thoracic section, originally acted as parachutes 2. wings derive from tracheated gills of gill covers 3. from inner or outer leg segemnts closed to body
37
What theory of wing evolution is most supported and what is it supported by
Evolution from inner or outer leg segments close to body Has fossil and molecular evidence
38
What fills the wing veins
Haemolymph
39
Why are wings soft when they first emerge
They aren’t filled with haemolymph
40
What vien is unique to hourse flies
Spirrius vein
41
Give 6 functions of wings
Communication Camoflauge Thermoregulation Protection Balance Flight
42
What is crypsis
Camoflauge
43
How do wings assist in thermoregulation
Different colours reflect / absorb wavelengths of light Changes in wing posture - open wings and face towards sun to increase warmth
44
Where are butterflies with more black patches on wings likely to be found
Further North, particularly Alpine species or morphs
45
How is the forewing of Coleoptera modified, what is this called
Hardened into elytra
46
What is the name for the hardened forewing of Hemiptera
Hemelytra
47
What is the role of the elytra / hemelytra
Protect hindwings for flying
48
What is the name and structure of the modified forewing in Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Mantodea, Phasmatodea and Blattodea
Leathery structure Tegmina
49
How can tegmina help in camoflauge protection
Tagmina are drab but cover the aposematic display
50
How can tegmina help in camoflauge protection
Tagmina are drab but cover the aposematic display
51
What are the hind wings of Diptera modified
Halters
52
What is the role od halteres
Stability in flight
53
What percentage of animals are invertebrates
97%
54
When did flight evolve
300 million years ago
55
What are the 2 methods of wing muscle attachment
Direct or indirect
56
What is the structure of direct flight muscles
Wing muscles insert directly at wing base, hinged
57
What kind of wing attachment to Paleoptera (Odonata and Ephemeroptera) have
Direct
58
In direct muscle attachment: if the wing base moves downwards, the wing lifts…
Upwards
59
What 2 muscles are involved in direct muscle attachment
Elevator and depressor
60
What 2 muscles are involved in indirect muscle attachment
Vertical and longitudinal
61
What is the structure of indirect muscle attachment
Muscles attached to thorax
62
How do wings move in indirect muscle attachment
Flight powered by force of muscle contraction and distortion of thorax
63
Which insect group uses indirect muscle attachment
Neoptera
64
What is affected by the ratio of muscle contractions and nervous innervations
Wing beats and frequency
65
Which insect groups use synchronous wing contraction
Odonata Blattodea Orthoptera Lepidoptera
66
What is the ratio of nerve impulses to wing beats in synchronous contraction
1 nerve impulse equates to 1 wing beat
67
What wing frequencies are associated with synchronous contraction
Up to 100Hz
68
What wing frequencies are associated with asynchronous contraction
> 500 Hz
69
What insect groups use asynchronoys contraction
Hymenoptera Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera
70
Is direct or indirect muscle attachment capable of higher wing beat frequency
Indirect capable of higher wing beat frequency

BIO230 Entomology (10 decks)

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