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BIO230 Entomology > L4 Insect anatomy (thorax, legs and wings) > Flashcards

L4 Insect anatomy (thorax, legs and wings) Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the thorax

A

Mesosoma

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2
Q

What are the 3 sections of the thorax and ehat is found on each section

A

Prothorax = pair of legs
Mesothorax = pair of legs and wings
Metathorax = pair of legs and wings

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3
Q

What are sclerites
What joins them

A

Set of plates
Connected by tough elastic membrane

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of sclerite

A

Nota
Pleura
Sterna

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5
Q

What is the shape and location of the nota, pleura and sterna sclerites

A

Nota - concave, upper surface
Pleura - convex, lower surface
Sterna - ventral (sides)

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6
Q

What specialisation is seen in the thorax of Hymenoptera

A

Mesosoma dividied in to 3 thoracic segments and 1st abdominal segment

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7
Q

What specialisation is seen in the thorax of Hymenoptera

A

Mesosoma dividied in to 3 thoracic segments and 1st abdominal segment

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8
Q

Which suborder of Hymenoptera has this specialisation

A

Apoctita - bees, wasps and ants

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9
Q

Which suborder of Hymenoptera has this specialisation

A

Apoctita - bees, wasps and ants

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10
Q

What is the 1st abdominal segment of Apocrita called

A

Propodeum

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11
Q

What is the 1st abdominal segment of Apocrita called

A

Propodeum

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12
Q

What adaptation is found in the thorax of Odonata and why

A

Mesothorax as greatly enlarged as it contains the flight muscles

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13
Q

What are pseudopods

A

Fake legs

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14
Q

A holometabolous species may … legs
Lack or have

A

Lack

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15
Q

What is the name for species where the adult and larvae will both have legs

A

Hemimetabolous

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16
Q

What does apodous mean

A

To lack legs

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17
Q

What does apodous mean

A

To lack legs

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18
Q

How many joints does an insect leg have

A

6

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19
Q

How many joints does an insect leg have

A

6

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20
Q

A two-segmented trochanta is found in which insect order

A

Odonata

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21
Q

If a 2-segmented trochanter is present, what is the appearance of the second trochanter

A

Appears as part of the femur

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22
Q

What is the tarsus subdivided into at its end

A

Pretarsus
Typically 2 clawed

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23
Q

What is the tarsus subdivided into at its end

A

Pretarsus
Typically 2 clawed

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24
Q

Where on the body do female bees collect pollen

A

Hind tibia
Basitarsi (top tarsal segment)
Sometimes abdomen

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25
Q

What adaptations do bees have for pollen collection

A

Enlarged tibia
Dense hairs = pollen brush

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26
Q

What is a corbicula
What is its structure

A

Pollen basket
Smooth shiny area surrounded by ring of long hair on hind tibia

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27
Q

Which type of bees have corbicula

A

Female social bumblebees

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28
Q

What is the general structure of wings

A

Membrane supported by series of sclerotinised veins

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29
Q

What element of wings can be seen on hemimetabolous insects

A

Small wing buds on exoskeleton

30
Q

What element of wings can be seen on hemimetabolous insects

A

Small wing buds on exoskeleton

31
Q

How many pairs of wings do most insects have and where are they found

A

2
forewings on mesothorax
hindwings on metathorax

32
Q

If only one sex has wings, which is it more likely to be

A

Males eith wings

33
Q

Give an example of an insect where only the males are winged

A

Moths

34
Q

Give an example of an insect where only the demale is winged

A

Fig wasp

35
Q

Which of the wings (forewing or hindwing) is more likley to be folded

A

Hindwing

36
Q

How many main theories of wing evolution are there and what are they

A
  1. extensions of thoracic section, originally acted as parachutes
  2. wings derive from tracheated gills of gill covers
  3. from inner or outer leg segemnts closed to body
37
Q

What theory of wing evolution is most supported and what is it supported by

A

Evolution from inner or outer leg segments close to body
Has fossil and molecular evidence

38
Q

What fills the wing veins

A

Haemolymph

39
Q

Why are wings soft when they first emerge

A

They aren’t filled with haemolymph

40
Q

What vien is unique to hourse flies

A

Spirrius vein

41
Q

Give 6 functions of wings

A

Communication
Camoflauge
Thermoregulation
Protection
Balance
Flight

42
Q

What is crypsis

A

Camoflauge

43
Q

How do wings assist in thermoregulation

A

Different colours reflect / absorb wavelengths of light
Changes in wing posture - open wings and face towards sun to increase warmth

44
Q

Where are butterflies with more black patches on wings likely to be found

A

Further North, particularly Alpine species or morphs

45
Q

How is the forewing of Coleoptera modified, what is this called

A

Hardened into elytra

46
Q

What is the name for the hardened forewing of Hemiptera

A

Hemelytra

47
Q

What is the role of the elytra / hemelytra

A

Protect hindwings for flying

48
Q

What is the name and structure of the modified forewing in Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Mantodea, Phasmatodea and Blattodea

A

Leathery structure
Tegmina

49
Q

How can tegmina help in camoflauge protection

A

Tagmina are drab but cover the aposematic display

50
Q

How can tegmina help in camoflauge protection

A

Tagmina are drab but cover the aposematic display

51
Q

What are the hind wings of Diptera modified

A

Halters

52
Q

What is the role od halteres

A

Stability in flight

53
Q

What percentage of animals are invertebrates

A

97%

54
Q

When did flight evolve

A

300 million years ago

55
Q

What are the 2 methods of wing muscle attachment

A

Direct or indirect

56
Q

What is the structure of direct flight muscles

A

Wing muscles insert directly at wing base, hinged

57
Q

What kind of wing attachment to Paleoptera (Odonata and Ephemeroptera) have

A

Direct

58
Q

In direct muscle attachment: if the wing base moves downwards, the wing lifts…

A

Upwards

59
Q

What 2 muscles are involved in direct muscle attachment

A

Elevator and depressor

60
Q

What 2 muscles are involved in indirect muscle attachment

A

Vertical and longitudinal

61
Q

What is the structure of indirect muscle attachment

A

Muscles attached to thorax

62
Q

How do wings move in indirect muscle attachment

A

Flight powered by force of muscle contraction and distortion of thorax

63
Q

Which insect group uses indirect muscle attachment

A

Neoptera

64
Q

What is affected by the ratio of muscle contractions and nervous innervations

A

Wing beats and frequency

65
Q

Which insect groups use synchronous wing contraction

A

Odonata
Blattodea
Orthoptera
Lepidoptera

66
Q

What is the ratio of nerve impulses to wing beats in synchronous contraction

A

1 nerve impulse equates to 1 wing beat

67
Q

What wing frequencies are associated with synchronous contraction

A

Up to 100Hz

68
Q

What wing frequencies are associated with asynchronous contraction

A

> 500 Hz

69
Q

What insect groups use asynchronoys contraction

A

Hymenoptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Hemiptera

70
Q

Is direct or indirect muscle attachment capable of higher wing beat frequency

A

Indirect capable of higher wing beat frequency

BIO230 Entomology (10 decks)

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