L7 - Child - Theories of Social Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Theory?

A

An orderly, integrated set of statements that rexplains or predicts behaviour.

  • Something that helps us understand complex information.*
  • Something that breaks things down in order for us to understand the world.*
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2
Q

For theories to be accepted or maintained as knowledge, they need to be verified through…

A

Scientific Verification - A replication of results.

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3
Q

Are theories entirely objective?

A

No, they are meant to make sense of the world and therefore are influenced by social and cultural contexts

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4
Q

Has one theory explained all behaviour in regards to children?

A

No, children are complex and therefore we use a range of theories to explain behaviour.

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5
Q

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is a ____ based theory

A

Stage

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6
Q

In regards to social development are stage based theories generally considered valid?

A

No, there are too many social and environmental factors and differences between individuals that influence social development in order to accurately describe it in stages.

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7
Q

Do all children develop socially in a normalized way?

Yes/No and Why.

A

No

There is individual differences in development and it can be influenced by environmental factors.

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8
Q

Describe Behaviourism as a learning theory.

A

Learning is based around stimulus-response

Focus is on External factors - All behaviour can be explained without the need to consider internal facors

Individual differences due to the mechanisms of change - Individual differences due to different histories of reinforcement

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9
Q

John Watson was the founder of ____

A

Behaviourism

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10
Q

John Watson believed that children’s development was influenced by their 1)______ ______ and that learning 2)______ ______ was the primary mechanism.

A

1) Social Environment
2) learning through conditioning

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11
Q

Little Albert experiment was conducted by

A

John Watson

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12
Q

What is the primary critique of behaviourism in terms of developmental psychology?

A

Too Simplistic; Exclusive focus on conditioning can be considered simplistic in terms of development and therefore can’t explain a lot of behaviour.

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13
Q

Systematic desensitization for the ‘treatment’ of phobias is based off the principles of…

A

Behaviourism

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14
Q

B.F. Skinner’s theory was based around the principles of…

A

Operant Conditioning

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15
Q

What did Skinner find regarding child development while conducting his research of the nature and function of reinforcement?

A

1) That attention is a powerful reinforcer
2) Difficult to extinguish behaviour that has been intermittently reinforced.
* e.g. only sometimes reinforced - pokies*

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16
Q

Operant Conditioning focuses on…

A

Antecedents and Responses

Rewards/Punishments

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17
Q

How is operant conditioning applied in child psychology?

A

In behaviour modification therapies

Where reinforcements or responses are changed to encourage more adaptive behaviour.

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18
Q

What are the two most powerful forms of reinforcement for kids that have studies shown in terms of operant conditioning?

A

Positive Reinforcement and Witholding Negative Reinforcement

Punishments are easier in the moment, but aren’t as effective as postitive reinforcement or negative reinforcement

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19
Q

What type of learning theories developed following operant conditioning behaviour theory?

A

Social Learning Theory

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20
Q

Who developed social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

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21
Q

In Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, what did he argue regarding how people learn?

A

People learn from one another via observation, imitation and modelling.

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22
Q

What experiment did Bandura development to study children and aggression?

A

Bobo dolls experiment

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23
Q

What was the Bobo Dolls experiment?

A

A child would watch an adult do something to a Bobo doll in a video. Then they would be put in a room with a Bobo doll and experimenters monitored how they acted with the Bobo doll.

24
Q

In Bandura’s Bobo dolls experiment, what were the three groups of children shown?

A

1st group: Observed the model rewarded for aggressive behaviour

2nd group: Saw the model punished for aggressive behaviour

3rd group: Saw the model experience no consequences

25
Q

What were the 2 main findings of Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment?

A

1) Children quickly acquire new behaviours simply by observing others (imitation).
2) The tendency to reproduce behaviour depends on whether the person whos actions were observed were rewarded or punished
- more likely to reproduce if rewarded, however simply paying attention to the model was the best predictor of behaviour (attention is a powerful reinforcer)

26
Q

Bandura’s theory was influential because it explain how ____ ____ influences childrens behaviour.

A

Social Modelling

How much does what children see in their family and environment influence their behaviour.

27
Q

Bandura can be described as a _____ _____ theorist.

A

Social Learning

28
Q

Over time Bandura started to focus more on the cognitive aspects of his theory.

What 6 cognitive things did Bandura focus on?

A

Attention

Encoding

Storing

Retrieving information

Reproduction of behaviour

Motivation - especially concerning perceived rewards

29
Q

Bandura’s theory was influential in the transition between what two theories of psychology?

A

Behaviourism and Cognitive Psychology

30
Q

Explain the three parts of Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism in explaining how people behave.

A
31
Q

What are the three things called that influence each other and influence behaviour at each stage of our development according to Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism?

A

Internal personal/cognitive factors (e.g. liking high-risk activities)

Environmental Factors (e.g. bungee-jumping friends)

Behaviour (e.g. learning to bungee jump)

32
Q

What do Socio-Cognitive Theories of childhood development focus on?

A

Focus on children’s ability to think and reason about their own and other people’s thoughts, feelings, motives and behaviours

  • Recognition that children are active social thinkers
33
Q

The difference between behaviourist approaches and socio-cognitive theories of childhood development can be described as…

A

Behaviourist: Children are passive in cognitive processes and are more responsive to their environment

Socio-Cognitive: Children can think and reason and are active social thinkers and are able to make choices.

34
Q

Selman was what type of theorist?

A

Socio-Cognitive Theorist

35
Q

What was Selman’s focus on in child behaviour?

A

Role Taking

  • The ability to adopt the perspective of another
36
Q

Is Selman’s Theory of childhood social development a ‘stage’ theory or not?

A

It is a stage theory

37
Q

How many stages are there in Selman’s theory?

all information on these stages is important for exam

A

4 stages

38
Q

What is stage 1 of Selman’s theory and how old are the children in this stage?

A

Appreciate that others have different perspecetive - assume person doesn’t have the same information

Age 6-8

39
Q

What is stage 2 of Selman’s theory and how old are the children in this stage?

A

Can also think about the other person’s point of view

Age: 8-10

40
Q

What is stage 3 of Selman’s theory and how old are the children in this stage?

A

Systematic comparison of views of self and one or two of others

Age: 10-12

41
Q

What is stage 4 of Selman’s theory and how old are the children in this stage?

A

Attempt to understand others’ perspective through comparison with ‘generalised other’ (abstract)

Age: 12+

42
Q

What are the critiques of social cognitive theorists?

A

Incomplete account of behaviour as it has little focus on biological factors in development

i.e. adolescence biological change

43
Q

What do ecological perspectives of social development focus on?

A

Take a broad view of the environment to look at child development

44
Q

What are the three ecological ‘perspectives’?

A

Ethological

Evolutionary

Bio-ecological

45
Q

Which ecological perspective(s) relate childrens development to evolutionary history?

A

Ethological and Evolutionary

46
Q

Which ecological perspective(s) emphasize children’s active role in selecting and influencing the environment?

A

Bio-ecological

Focus on childrens environment and what is happening around them and the influence they have on their environment

47
Q

Which ecological perspective(s) central issue is nature vs. nurture?

A

Ethological and Evolutionary

e.g. Evolution: Children have traits that have evolved to develop pro social behaviour

48
Q

Who developed the bio-ecological model of development?

A

Bronfenbrenner

49
Q

What is Bronfenbrenners bio-ecological model of development?

A

There is a set of nested structures.

There is a child at the center of each with their own set of characteristics which interact with the environment at each level.

50
Q

Explain the layers of Bronfenbrenner’s theory?

important for exam

A

Environmental influences on child development - Child in center: immediate things aroudn the child will have an influence when they are very young

Chronosystem: How time influences the systems

Macro system: Ideologies, laws and culture that will have an influence on the childs development

Exo System: Neighbourhood they live in, welfare services (influnced by culture but a step closer to the child)

Mesosystem - How the microsystems interact

Micro system: closest things to the child - family, doctors, school etc.

51
Q

Name the 5 ‘systems’ in Bronfrenbremmers bio-ecological model?

A

Microsystem

Mesosystem

Exosystem

Macrosystem

Chronosystem

52
Q

What does the microsystem consist of in Bronfrenbremmer’s bio-ecological model?

A

Immediate, bi-directional environment

53
Q

What does the mesosystem consist of in Bronfrenbremmer’s bio-ecological model?

A

Connections between various microsystems

54
Q

What does the exosystem consist of in Bronfrenbremmer’s bio-ecological model?

A

Environmental settings that the person does not directly experience but which can influence the child indirectly

e.g. media

55
Q

What does the macrosystem consist of in Bronfrenbremmer’s bio-ecological model?

A

Larger historical context

56
Q

What does the chronosystem consist of in Bronfrenbremmer’s bio-ecological model?

A

Historical changes that influence other systems

57
Q

How would you use Bronfrenbremmer’s model in psychological practice?

A

To understand childhood development, look at his model and look at what is happening at school, family environments, cultural environment etc. to see how that might be influencing their behaviour.