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S2 Foundations Health and Lifespan Development > L1 - Ageing Lectures > Flashcards

L1 - Ageing Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

The is the “hill metaphor of development”

A

youth = growth

middle age = plateu

old age = decline

We start out growing but once we get to a certain age we can expect cognitive and physical decline (over the hill)

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2
Q

Paul Bates - Lifespan Development Perspective suggests that development is a _____ process

A

lifelong

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3
Q

In the Lifespan development perspective (Paul Baltes), what is development like in regards to individuals?

A

Varies between and within individuals

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4
Q

What does plasticity and modifiability mean in the Lifespan Development Perspective (Paul Baltes)?

A

Difference in skill within individuals grows as we age

your best and worst skill when you are young is far less different that your best and worse skill when you are older

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5
Q

What does historical embeddedness mean in the Lifespan Development Perspective (Paul Baltes)?

A

We see things through a historical lens and we don’t notice this lens until we look back at historical trends of th epast

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6
Q

What does joint occurrence of growth and decline refer to in the Lifespan Development Perspective (Paul Baltes)?

A

Development is not about grwoth or decline, rather that while some things are growing others are declining

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7
Q

The streotypical view of agining is the _________ view

A

“over the hill” decline as we age view

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8
Q

In the Lifespan Development Perspective (Paul Baltes) - what are the 3 major influences that are interacting as we age that influence how we age?

“interaction of 3 major influences”

A
  1. Normative age-graded influences
  2. Normative history-graded influences
  3. Non normative life events
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9
Q

What are normative age-graded influences?

A
  • Occur in similar way, for similar groups
  • Closely related to chronological age
  • Eg puberty, menopause, starting school, retiring*
  • normative = typical of what happens to most people*
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10
Q

What are Normative history-graded influences?

A

Common to people of a generation or cohort

  • • Eg War, Great Depression, changing role of women*
  • influences in development that are common in certain generations or cohorts*
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11
Q

What are non-normative life events?

A

More unique to the individual rather than common to group

  • unique things that happen to you that are not the norm*
  • Eg Lottery win, Frequently moving schools*
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12
Q

Explain which interactive influence is most impactful at what age of the life span?

A

Age-graded normative - most impact at beginning and end

History-graded - most impact in adolescence and young adulthood

Non normative - cumulative effect

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13
Q

Chronological age is?

A

Time elapsed since birth

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14
Q

Is chronological age good at explaining behaviour?

A

No, seen as a dummy variable

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15
Q

What is better to use than chronological age?

A

Distance to death

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16
Q

What are the multifaceted aspects to age? (3 variables) - what are the 3 types of age

A

Biological age

Psychological age

Social age

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17
Q

What is biological age?

A

Your age

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18
Q

What is psychological age

A

Your maturity (your resilience)

19
Q

What is your social age?

A

Social milestones that you have achieved

20
Q

What is “longevity”

A

Number of years a person lives

21
Q

What is “life expectancy”

A

Age at which individual born into a particular cohort is expected to die”

22
Q

Do men or women live longer?

A

Women (84-80 compared to men)

23
Q

What is the lifespan difference for indigenous Australians?

A

10 years less

24
Q

Between 2004 and 2101 the proportion of men aged 85+ will increase from 32% to _____ of the population

A

45%

25
Q

What is a supercentinarian?

A

someone over the age of 110

26
Q

What does the “rectangularisation of age structure” in our society mean?

A

We used to have an “age triangle” but as older are living longer and people are having less children this is more a rectangle

27
Q

What is senescence in aging?

A

Senescence – breakdown in surveillance, repair and replacement process in the body

28
Q

Why has lifespan increased?

A

Improved healthcare (vaccines), less wars, babies aren’t dying as much etc.

29
Q

What are the four cellular theories for ageing?

A

‘Wear and tear’

Programming theories;

Hayflick limit

Telomere hypothesis

30
Q

What is the wear and tear cellular theory for ageing?

A

Ageing is happening at the cellular level and don’t reproduce as well as we age - this is due to errors in transmission (e.g. next cell wont be as perfect as starting cells)

As cells die they become impacted by things in the environment such as pollutants and oxygen free radicals.

31
Q

What is the programming theory of cellular theory for ageing?

A

Our cells are programmed to die at roughly a certain age

The number of times a cell produces is roughly 50 (Hayflick limit)

32
Q

What is the hayflick limit?

A

The number of times a cell can successfully reproduce

50 times

33
Q

What are the leading causes of death in Australia for women and men?

A

M: Heart disease, trachea & lung cancer, stroke

W: Heart disease, dementia, stroke

34
Q

What changes can we make to our diet to increase longevity?

A

Reducing caloric intake while providing essential vitamins and nutrients

  • CRON (calorie restriction optimal nutrients)
35
Q

What are blue zones?

A

Areas with high rates of healthy centenarians

e.g. sardina, okinawa, nicoya

36
Q

What are common features of lifestyle of people living in blue zones?

A
  1. High physical activity
  2. Purposeful life
  3. Family and Social Engagement
  4. Good diet
  5. Contribute to society
  6. Good stress management
37
Q

Is social engagement important for healthy ageing?

A

Very important

  • need to have a sense of purpose and optimism
38
Q

How can social support be a “double edged sword”?

A

mid-life people do most social support and can get burned out if looking after elderly and young members of society

39
Q

What is CRON and how is it related to ageing?

A

CRON = calorie restriction optimal nutrients

Animals who had a restricted diet lived longer and had a more youthful look and maintained cognitive function for longer.

40
Q

What is a telemere?

A

At the tip of every cell there is a telemere gene which produces telemorays, which is necessary for cell devision.

41
Q

What is the telomere hypothesis

A

After every cell replication a bit of the telomere ‘snips off’

Once this happens too many times it runs out and can no longer replicate - this leads to ageing

42
Q

What things influence telomere length?

A

Damaged by stress

Maintained through exercise and active functioning

43
Q

What impact does exercising have on healthy ageing?

A

Reduces depression

Increses happiness

Reduces risk of dimentia

Increases telomere length

important to exercise throughout the day

44
Q

What is the biggest predictor for fatality in elderly people?

A

If they have a fall and break their hip

  • makes them not self sustaining, they lose purpose and don’t exersise and deteriorate

S2 Foundations Health and Lifespan Development (21 decks)

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