L11: Child - Interventions for Prosocial Behaviour

Question 1

What are the two main traits of pro-social behaviours?

Answer 1

Empathy and Sympathy

Question 2

Define Empathy and Sympathy

Answer 2

Question 3

What is the risk of empathy?

Answer 3

Too much empathy can lead to burnout if you need to be empathetic to stressful situations all the time

Question 4

What is the primary influence on pro-social behaviour?

Answer 4

Parents and socialisation in the family

Question 5

What would Bandura suggest is important in regards to learning prosocial behaviour from the family?

Answer 5

1. Modelling and Teaching

2. Arranging opportunities for children to use pro-social behaviour

3. Methods of discipline

Question 6

What is the ideal methods of discipline that parents can use that leads to pro-social behaviour

Answer 6

Authoritative parenting style

pro-social behaviour particularly associcated with reasoning, including pointing out the consequences of childrens behaviour

Question 7

What biological influences may have lead to pro-social behaviour?

Answer 7

Adaptive behaviour due to evolution

More likely to help = more likely to be helped and therefore survive

Reproduce similar traits in their offspring

Question 8

What is aggression as defined in psychology

Answer 8

Behaviour that is intended to harm others.

Question 9

What are the two general classes of aggression?

Explain them

Answer 9

Reactive: Child is lashing out in response to a percieved threat

Proactive: No environmental stimuli that has triggered the aggressive behaviour

Question 10

For anti-social behaviour, what are the two conditional factors that may lead to it?

Answer 10

Genetic Predisposition (towards aggression)

Social Learning Experiences

Question 11

What are the 6 social influences on aggression?

Answer 11

Punitive parenting (especially abuse)

Parental conflict (perhaps due to modelling)

Inconsistent parenting (disrupted attachment styles)

SES (pathways for this are complex)

Media violence (correlation or causation?)

Peers (social influence on behaviour)

Question 12

When does aggression begin to develop in children?

Answer 12

Approximately 18 months

Question 13

When aggression first emerges in children, what tends to be the driving factor?

Answer 13

It is goal directed

Aggression tends to be instrumental

Question 14

When does physical aggression peak in children?

When does it decrease and why?

Answer 14

Peaks at about 2 years.

Decreases afterwards as a result of verbal skills increasing as well as better emotional control

Question 15

At what age does aggression become relatively stable and is predictive of anti-social behaviour in adulthood?

Answer 15

10 years old.

Aggression in 10 year olds predicts anti-social behaviour and conduct problems in adolescence and adulthood.

Question 16

What are the 5 stages in Pattersons (1989) model of aggression?

Answer 16

Patterson’s aggression model (1989)

Question 17

Explain Patterson’s 1989 model of aggression. (5 stages)

Answer 17

Poor parental discipline/use of punishment leads to child conduct problems

Child conduct problems leads to rejection by peers/formation of similar friendships

Rejection by peers leads to commitment to similarly aggressive peer group

Commitment to similarly aggressive peer group leads to delinquency

Question 18

Define bullying

Answer 18

Behaviour that is intentionally meant to harm.

Question 19

What are the two types of bullying?

Answer 19

Overt Bullying

Covert Bullying

Question 20

What are intervention techniques we can use to victims of bullying?

Answer 20

Focus on empowerment for victims

Question 21

What are intervention techniques we can use to perpetrators of bullying?

Answer 21

Focus on reactive bullying - attribution retraining (why are they bullying and why is it wrong)

Question 22

What are the five basic principles of school bullying interventions.

Answer 22

Question 23

For well-being in children, what is the primary factor that they report contributes to well-being?

Answer 23

Safety

(the feel safe in their environment)

Question 24

What are the four types of interventions for pro-social behaviour

What sort of interventions can you do after the age of 3-4 when they are past their initial aggressive behaviour

Answer 24

1. Animals

2. Arts/sports/drama

3. Games/collaboration

4. Trauma-based interventions

Question 25

What are two ways you can use animals to promote pro-social behaviour?

Answer 25

1. Animal assisted therapies

• e.g. great for children on autism spectrum disorder to develop social skills and practice those skillsets*
• Animals can include elements of play and how to play with others*

2. Humane education programs

• Aimed at increasing empathy and decreasing cycles of abuse*
• Idea: Increasing empathy through engaging with animals rather than other human beings*

Question 26

What sort of approach does arts/sports/drama use help promote pro-social behaviour?

Answer 26

They are strengths based approaches.

Children select activities they enjoy doing already.

Question 27

What can arts/sports/drama interventions assist with in terms of childhood development

Answer 27

Question 28

What is the anger iceburg in regards to childhood motivation and behaviour?

Answer 28

When asking a child how they feel emotionally about a certain situation, they often say they feel angry that X has happened to them.

However, it is more likely the case that there is something deeper (ice underneath) which is what they are actually feeling but finding it hard to name.

Question 29

How do games/collaboration help develop pro-social behaviour?

Answer 29

Helps with language development

Increase co-operation; collaborative games has been found to have effect on classroom collaboration/prosocial behaviour

They are happy to participate in games so easy to implement

Question 30

1. What are trauma-based interventions?
2. Who are they aimed at?

Answer 30

1. Interventions built on principles of trauma-informed care
2. Aimed at children (usually) but also adults
   * e.g. ‘trauma informed’ yoga; ‘trauma informed’ art therapy; ‘trauma informed’ sport etc. to help rewire things that might have happened in the past*

Question 31

What does “SMART” refer to?

Answer 31

Strategies for Manageing Abuse Related Trauma

Question 32

SMART uses the principles from…

Answer 32

Trauma Informed Care

Question 33

What is the focus of SMART, what principles is the treatment based off?

Answer 33

Trying to change the environment to settle down emotional responses in children by reinforcing safe environments in the children.

Question 34

What does this graph refer to?

Answer 34

The biology behind behaviour that has come about due to trauma and what therapies should be focused on changing.

What SMART is based off. Trying to adjust the biology of what is happening to people after trauma.

Question 35

In SMART what we are trying to do is lower the level where children have their ______ ___ ______ _____

Answer 35

Fight and Flight Response

Question 36

What are the 8 SMART principles?

Answer 36

PRACTICE

• *Predictable:** change is a threat – continuity is important
• *Responsive:** children who have experienced trauma have typically done so at the hands of those not able to see what their impact is
• *Attuned:** children who have experienced trauma often feel that people cant/don’t see what they need
• *Connecting:** a lack of connections with others often means for children a lack of trust in themselves
• *Translating:** children who have experienced trauma often cannot narrate themselves/their lives (cf play therapy)
• *Involving:** children who have experienced trauma often cannot connect to others and need support in doing so and being able to perceive the needs of others
• *Calming:** children needs skills in regulating affect re: fight or flights and appropriate responses – getting ‘into the body’
• *Engaged:** need to develop skills in reciprocity and recognition of others and human beings not just objects

Question 37

A good interventions should include what 5 things?

Answer 37

Should be:

1. Inclusive

2. Strength Based

3. Trauma Informed (if possible)

4. Work with emotional regulation and awarness

5. Work with play