L7 肺栓塞 Flashcards

1
Q

栓子(Embolus)進入肺循環會發生什麼事?

A

栓子進入肺循環後,會造成肺動脈或其分支完全或部分阻塞,導致肺組織的血液供應減少,增加死腔並引起低血氧。

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2
Q

血栓(Deep Vein Thrombosis, DVT)有什麼原因容易發生?

A

長期卧床或不活動;心房纖維顫動;血液凝固性增加(如紅血球增多症、口服避孕藥);血管壁受傷(如靜脈穿刺、靜脈炎)。

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3
Q

還有什麼類型的栓塞?

A

空氣栓塞;脂肪栓塞(如骨折);胎水栓塞。

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4
Q

栓子阻塞肺動脈會如何影響血液供應?

A

栓子阻塞肺動脈後,肺組織的血液供應減少,會導致低氧血症,並增加右心室的工作負擔,可能導致右心衰竭。

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5
Q

栓子留在血管釋放什麼?

A

栓子留在血管後會釋放組織胺、血清素、兒茶酚胺和前列腺素等物質,這些物質可引起支氣管平滑肌收縮,造成呼吸困難。

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6
Q

臨床表徵有什麼?

A

突發性呼吸困難;胸痛(類似肋膜性胸痛);低血氧症狀(發紺、不安、意識混亂);心跳過快;盜汗和全身無力。

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7
Q

藥物治療

A

栓塞溶解劑(Thrombolytic agents):如Urokinase、Streptokinase、t-PA,用於快速溶解血塊;抗凝血劑:如肝素、低分子量肝素(LMWH)、Warfarin。

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8
Q

栓塞溶解劑要多久給予?

A

栓塞溶解劑應在血栓形成後72小時內給予,效果最佳。

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9
Q

Urokinase是什麼藥?

A

Urokinase是一種溶栓藥物,用於治療血栓,能夠快速溶解血塊。

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10
Q

Tengoff與Urokinase有什麼關係?

A

Tengoff是一個品牌名稱,Urokinase是其活性成分之一,兩者都用於溶栓治療。

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11
Q

栓塞溶解劑在穿刺後不可以做什麼?

A

在給予栓塞溶解劑後,應避免執行肌肉注射、靜脈穿刺等侵入性檢查。

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12
Q

不可以同時使用什麼藥?

A

應避免同時使用會影響血小板功能的藥物,如阿斯匹林(Aspirin)。

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13
Q

抗凝血劑

A

抗凝血劑可以防止新的血栓形成,常用的包括肝素、低分子量肝素和Warfarin。

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14
Q

肝素會在什麼程序中加入?

A

肝素通常在靜脈注射中使用,以快速抗凝。

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15
Q

下腔靜脈過濾器阻止血栓去哪裡?

A

下腔靜脈過濾器(IVC Filters)用於阻止血栓流向右心或肺血管。

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16
Q

氣體交換障礙由肺栓塞引起什麼?

A

氣體交換障礙會導致氧氣供應不足,造成低氧血症,影響全身器官的功能。

17
Q

靜脈血栓預防方法有什麼?

A

鼓勵病人儘早下床活動;做床上運動(如足踝運動);穿著壓力襪;定期變換姿勢,避免長時間坐或站立。