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S2 Perception and Cognition > L6 - Perception (to do) > Flashcards

L6 - Perception (to do) Flashcards

1
Q

What two phases are needed for using visual information for action?

A

Planning phase

Guiding phase

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2
Q

What did Kowler & McKee (1987) find in their visual information experiment?

A

That visual information (e.g. target location, speed) is used to plan and guide eye movements

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3
Q

What is a “smooth pursuit eye movement”?

A

The eye movement you make when tracking an object

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4
Q

What are involved when “planning a reach”?

A
  1. Reaches are planned in eye-centred coordinates
    * Suggests visual localisation reference framework is important when making a hand movement (if goal directed you are using this eye-centered coordinate as a reference frame to help you find where this thing is in space)*
  2. Reaches are planned using re-mapped target locations
    * Re-mapping occurs when you make an eye-movement*
  3. Eye and hand movements are planned with respect to a common framework
    * You use the same framework when you update your movements when you interact with your environments*
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5
Q

Using eye-tracking software while doing everyday tasks, what did Land, Mennie and Rusted (1999) discover?

A

The eye and the hand movements were quite co-ordinated, more than originally thought.

People put their hands where their eyes had been.

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6
Q

What is a “saccade”

A

Eye movement characterised by rapid acceleration to new location

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7
Q

What does a saccade allow us to do?

A

Allows us to foveate points of interest

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8
Q

What are smooth pursuit eye movements characterised by?

A

A constant velocity once at the same speed as target

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9
Q

What do smooth pursuit eye movements allow us to do?

A

Allows us to track an item of interest

(often seen with a saccade)

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10
Q

How often are saccades made?

A

3 times a second

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11
Q

Is the visual information we use to make perceptual judgements the same as the visual information we use to make smooth pursuit eye movements and saccades?

A

Yes

Similar visual information is used to guide eye movements and make perceptual judgements

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12
Q

Saccade movements are changed by the quality of the information.

What does this suggest?

A

You are using the visual information to program and control that eye movements

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13
Q

Eye movements are more variable when visual information is ___

What does this suggests

A

Visual information is poor

Suggests that the variability of the eye signal is comparable to the visual signal, which means they are using a common signal

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14
Q

Eye movements and hand movements have a _____ signal

A

common signal

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15
Q

What happened in the Pellison et al (1986) and Henriques et al (1996) experiments when they measured the accuracy of pointing performance when altering the direction of their gaze?

A

Accuracy was decreased when direction of gaze was not in the same direction they were asked to point

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16
Q

What do we use to plan a “sequence of slow guided movements” (e.g. moving our hand around a table to make a sandwich) (Hayhoe, 2000)

A

“Look ahead Saccades”

Our saccades are used to gather information regarding what our hands are about to do next

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17
Q

Saccades are used as an _______ gathering device

A

information

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18
Q

Which area of the eye is most high resolution?

A

Fovea

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19
Q

Why do we need to make so many Saccades?

A

Because we have low amounts of visual acuity in our peripheral vision,

We need to constantly refocus our eyes to gather accurate information

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20
Q

You know from experience that the world is high resolution across the visual field.

True or false

A

False

Visual resolution varies across the visual field

21
Q

Do we make our saccade movements randomly or do we have a strategy?

A

We use saccades strategically - Yarbus (1967)

22
Q

How did Yarbus (1967) show that we use saccades strategically?

A

Asked people to view a picture in 5 different ways and measured their saccade movements.

Saccades differed depending on the goals of the viewer

23
Q

Saccades are random

True or false

A

False

Saccades are NOT random (Yarbus 1967)

24
Q

What is “saccade latency”

A

The time between when the stimulus appears and when your eyes move

25
Q

How long is the saccade latency?

A

150ms-200ms

26
Q

How long does a saccade take? (How long is it “in flight”)

A

20-50ms depending on the length the eye has to travel

27
Q

Including all stages of the saccade, roughly how long does it take?

A

300ms

28
Q

What did this Renniger, Coughlan, Verghese & Malik (2005) experiment reveal about the nature of how people use saccades?

A

That we use information to maximise the amount of new information about an object

29
Q

How did Renniger, Coughlan, Verghese & Malik (2005) determine that each eye movement maximises the amoutn of new info on the object?

A

They would move their eye movements to where the object is “changing” or different.

Where the curviture changes and there are new features.

30
Q

The ____ saccades you do, the ______ your ______ of a scene is.

A

1) more
2) greater
3) memory

The more saccades you do, the greater your memory of a scene is.

31
Q

What are 3 reasons why you would move your eyes?

A
  1. Limited spatial resolution in the periphery
  2. Shifting the eyes shifts the fovea to get a higher resolution info about the environment
  3. Gather information for perception and action
32
Q

Why is it important to coordinate the eye and hand?

A

Goals are usually visually defined

  • Visual info about target location*
  • Visual feedback about hand position (relative to target)*
  • If you co-ordinate eye and hand you get more information*
33
Q

What is a corollary discharge?

A

When you make a movement you get a proprioceptive feedback from the muscles that says “I made that movement” - this is corollary discharge

34
Q

What relationship does corollary discharge have with the eyes and with the hands?

A

It’s associated with eye movement

Aids guidance of hand movement

35
Q

Are people better at finding a target with their hands if they -

Are in a light room but can’t make a saccade

Are allowed to use a visual saccade but in the dark

Why

A

Allowed to use a visual saccade but in the dark

The corollary discharge from the eye movement helps guide the hand movement

36
Q

During rapid pointing

The ____ typically leads the hand

A

The eye typically leads the hand

37
Q

Eye and hand movements are ususally ______ and ______ correlated

A

Temporally and spatially

Eye and hand movements are ususally temporally and spatially correlated

38
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for target selection?

A

Superior colliculus

39
Q

How did McPeek and Keller (2005) determine what part of the brain is responsible for target selection

A

When administering a drug to the superior colliculus that deactivated it, participants were no longer able to find new targets

40
Q

Visual processing pathway -

Retina - _______ - Pulvinar - Parietal cortex

What is missing?

A

Superior Colliculus

41
Q

What did Moore and Fallah (2004) find in regards to attention and eye movement?

A

There are some shared mechanisms for deploying attention and making an eye movement.

42
Q

One a decision is made and a saccade is “in flight” there are no new decisions to be made

True or False

A

False

There is a complex circuit and decisions are constantly being made (e.g. where you are going next)

43
Q

Describe the Itti & Koch (2001) model.

A
  1. You have scene info around you (vis info)
  2. Info gets fed to Inferotemporal or posterior parietal cortex
  3. Info goes to prefrontal cortex
  4. Info goes to motor systems + memory and cognition - superior colliculus
  5. Superior colliculus leads to eye movement
44
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

A

(involved in inhibition of responses/decision making)

45
Q

____ information is used to guide eye and hand movements

A

visual

46
Q

Two common types of eye movements are

A

saccades and smooth pursuit

47
Q

Eye and hand movements are often _______

A

co-ordinated

48
Q

Eye movements and the deployment of attention can be..

A

related

49
Q

Exam prep notes last slide

Use lecture summaries and SDLs as a study guide

Practice exam questions on canvas

A

Good luck!

S2 Perception and Cognition (25 decks)

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