L5 French Tradition and Freud Flashcards
Contributions of Philippe Pinel.
Personal relevance - friend got sick and read (Daquin) that mental illness should be approached scientifically.
Bicetre asylum - became director and removed chains, stopped bloodletting and chair whirling. Instead advocated bathing and enemas.
Case histories - first person to keep case histories and statistics regarding patients.
Continuation - becomes the director of the largest asylum in Paris and has great success again.
Contributions of Franz Anton Mesmer.
Magnets - begins to treat hysterical women by rubbing magnets all over body. Tells her what is going to happen (convulsions).
Seances - expands to treating multiple people at a time with seances. Becomes known in high society before being shamed by the blind girl’s family.
Societies of harmony - despite being debunked by Franklin, Mesmer had already begun teaching his ways to other young men who continued this.
Contributions of James Braid.
Hypnoticism - brings scientific credibility to mesmerism, removes all the magnets and convulsions and renames it as hypnoticism.
Papers - writes articles on how hypnoticism works and how people vary in their susceptibility (Liébeault & Bernheim also do this).
School - founds the Nancy school of hypnoticism, which aims to cure psychological problems.
Contributions of Jean-Martin Charcot.
Grand/petit - his theory of neurology included: grand symptoms (long standing characteristics) and petit symptoms (acute, short duration).
Observations - made observations of patients in Salpêtrière like a natural scientist. This was later adopted by his student, Sigmund Freud.
Hysteria - observed hysteria does not follow the normal rules he had observed in other disorders. Says too distressing to be fake and men also suffer, thus not uterus.
The history of hysteria.
Uterus - thought to be a result of a wandering uterus. Foul smells/sweet smells used to correct location.
Zones - after dispelling uterus theory, Charcot finds you can relieve or incite symptoms by pressing zones on body.
Hypnosis - pressing of zones does same thing as hypnosis. They then find that hypnosis works on hysteria.
Susceptibility - Charcot and Nancy school then fight over whether hypnosis susceptability indicates hysteria.
Influences on Sigmund Freud.
Medical training - due to this and study with Charcot, very focussed on observation rather than experiment.
Evolution - incorporates evolution into everything he does. Hence the obsession with sex and death.
Consciousness - was the big thing at that time. This is why he focussed on the unconscious.
Natural sciences - there were many advancements in the natural sciences around then. Thus he was very focussed on his work being part of this.
Contributions of Sigmund Freud.
Why hysteria? - most people wouldn’t see hysterics, so he ends up with a client base from this.
Associations - what has happened to your wrist? What do you think about when you think about your wrist? Later uses free association.
Dream theory - manifest is the details, the way it seems to appear. Latent is the unconscious parts of the dream that are revealed.
Wish fulfilment - all dreams represent the fulfilment of wishes.
Child sexuality - babies are born able to feel pleasure from everywhere, they then develop erogenous zones later.
