L13 Further Specialisation (Last Lecture) Flashcards
Why is the 1929 International Congress of Psychology Meeting noteworthy?
Ninth International Congress of Psychology, held at Yale University in 1929, was the first Congress held in America. An examination of the Proceedings of the Congress and letters from some of the participants suggest that perhaps more eminent psychologists attended this meeting than any other, before or since.
Who is Ulric Neisser?
Ulric Neisser (1928-2012) is important because he wrote the major cognitive psychology text book in 1967. Made cognitive psychology accessible to undergraduates, put cognitive psychology on the map
What year do we need to remember for the exam to do with Ulric Neisser and why?
1967! Neisser published the book Cognitive Psychology.
What is the importance of the book Cognitive Psychology (1967)
Presented a compelling alternative to behaviourism. Rise of cognitive psychology. Neisser (author) considered behaviourist assumptions to be wrong as limits what psychologists could study. Emphasis on information processing and constructive processing. Includes research concerning perception, pattern recognition, attention, problem solving, and remembering.
Eric spoke about a crisis in psychology. What are three components he emphasised. (There is a paper and 2 general problems)
1) Vul et al (2009) - Voodoo Correlations in Social Neuroscience. People were cherry picking their data (post-hoc decision making) 2) p-hacking When researchers collect (eg more participants) or select data or statistical analyses until non-significant results become significant. 3) Replication problems with a large number of studies is psychology.
What does Ed Vul’s (2009) paper Voodoo Correlations in Social Neuroscience find and what problem does it relate to?
This paper concludes “that a disturbingly large, and quite prominent, segment of social neuroscience research is using seriously defective research methods and producing a profusion of numbers that should not be believed.” They looked at 54 papers and found more than half used shitty analysis techniques. Post-hoc decision making! (BAD). It is all part of the current crisis in psychology with issues surrounding study findings not being replicable .
Who is Diederik Stapel and why is he noteworthy?
Stapel - published at least 55 papers with falsified data. Former, Dutch professor of social psychology at Tilburg University In 2011 Tilburg University suspended Stapel for fabricating and manipulating data for his research publications.
Name some of the bad scientific practices that have contributed to the current replication crisis in psychology. Eric focused on 6 in this lecture.
Optional stopping: collecting data until you get a significant result. Selective reporting or partial publication of data p-value rounding: rounding down to significant. File draw effect: refers to the bias introduced into the scientific literature by selective publication–chiefly by a tendency to publish positive results but not to publish negative or nonconfirmatory results. Post-hoc story telling: original hypotheses were wrong, so we’ll change the hypotheses to support the data. Manipulation of outliers: take them out, analyse, put them back in, analyse, pick the one that supports your point.
What are the 5 reasons Everett & Earp gave in their 2015 opinion piece for why we don’t have more replications? What is the dilemma that this causes.
1) Time-consuming 2) Take energy and resources from your own projects 3) Replications are harder to publish (in large part because they are viewed as being unoriginal) 4) Even if published, they are likely to be seen as ‘bricklaying’ exercises, rather than as major contributions to the field 5) Replications bring less recognition and reward, and even basic career security, to their authors This causes a dilemma psychology is facing where the interests of the discipline is at odds with the interest of the individual researcher.
How are hidden moderators related to the replication crisis?
After the Reproducibility Project: Psychology was published an argument was offered that maybe the reason that the studies were not reproduced was because of hidden moderators. Eric thinks this is a cop out.
What is the argument again hidden moderators being a good explanation for problems with replication? Note: this was not directly from my notes. Eric did not go into as much detail (or I did not write it) but this is interesting.
Context moderators are probably common in the world at large and across independently-conceived experiments. But an explicit design goal of direct replication is to eliminate them, and there’s good reason to believe they are rare in replications.
What are the 4 solutions to the replication crisis that Eric spoke about?
1) Increase sample size - (60-75 participants per condition minimum) smaller samples = more spurious effects 2) Report EVERYTHING measures, conditions, procedures. Include this statement: “We report how we determined our sample size, all data exclusions (if any), all manipulations, and all measures in the study”. 4) Do NOT use post hoc explanations as original predictions; if you have no predictions, state that it’s exploratory 5) Pre-register your study.
Why is Carl Rogers Important?
Developed client centered therapy in the 1940s-1950s His book Client Centered Therapy published 1951
How are Ulric Neisser and George Miller connected?
Neisser studies with Miller
How did Neisser define cognition in his book Cognitive Psychology?
All the processes by which…sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used.”
