L4: Plant Body and Meristems

Question 1

Angiosperms are found as both _____ and _________

Answer 1

monocots, dicots

Question 2

Gymnosperms

Answer 2

long distance pollination

Question 3

angiosperms

Answer 3

flowering plants

Question 4

Monocot characteristics

Answer 4

1 cotyledon
parallel leaf venation
flower parts in multiples of 3
scattered vascular bundles
fibrous root system
rare to have secondary growth with vascular cambium

Question 5

Eudicot characteristics

Answer 5

2 cotyledon
reticulate leaf venation
flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
vascular bundles in a ring with cortex/pith
tap root system
common to have secondary growth with vascular cambium

Question 6

Shoot apical meristem

Answer 6

small mass (dome) of undifferentiated cells, capable of rapid cell division to produce new cells for the primary growth of the stem

Question 7

location of shoot apical meristem

Answer 7

tip of each shoot

Question 8

root apical meristem

Answer 8

small mass (upside down dome) of undifferentiated cells, capable of rapid cell division to produce new cells for the primary growth of the root

Question 9

location of the root apical meristem

Answer 9

tip of each root, just above protective root cap

Question 10

plant growth is dependent on the presence of _______________

Answer 10

embryonic meristematic tissue

Question 11

initials

Answer 11

actively dividing cells that maintain the meristem as a continuing source of new cells

Question 12

derivatives

Answer 12

undifferentiated cells of meristem that arise from division of initials

Question 13

main difference between initials and derivatives

Answer 13

initials stay meristematic, while derivatives leave, entering differentiation

Question 14

In what way does the apical meristem cause the plant to grow

Answer 14

grow in length

Question 15

In what way does the secondary (lateral) meristem cause the plant to grow

Answer 15

grow in width/girth

Question 16

What kind of organization is the shoot apical meristem described to have?

Answer 16

“tunica-corpus” organization

Question 17

tunica

Answer 17

outermost layer(s) of the shoot apical meristem; undergoes surface growth by anticlinal cell divisions

Question 18

corpus

Answer 18

interior layers of the shoot apical meristem, beneath tunica; undergoes volume growth by cell division in all planes

Question 19

central zone

Answer 19

contains pluripotent, undifferentiated cells that divide infrequently

Question 20

peripheral zone

Answer 20

surrounds the central zone; mitotically active (lots of cell division)

Question 21

primordia

Answer 21

buds/outgrowths from the shoot apical meristem that form new organs

Question 22

differentiation proceeds _______

Answer 22

outwards

Question 23

root cap

Answer 23

protects root apical meristem, sheds and secretes mucilage to lubricate root movement, and even senses gravity

Question 24

Quiescent centre

Answer 24

rarely dividing pool of stem cells within the root apical meristem. Maintains surroundings more frequently dividing initials

Question 25

primary meristems

Answer 25

partly differentiated tissues that remain meristematic for a limited time, before differentiating into primary tissues

Question 26

types of primary meristems

Answer 26

protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

Question 27

types of primary tissue systems

Answer 27

dermal, ground, vascular

Question 28

residual procambium

Answer 28

the leftover region of the procambium that did not differentiate into xylem or phloem

Question 29

What happens when the plant has secondary plant growth?

Answer 29

the residual procambium begins dividing and becomes the vascular cambium

Question 30

Parts of the vascular cambium

Answer 30

secondary xylem and phloem

Question 31

periderm

Answer 31

secondary growth version of epiderm

Question 32

cork cambium

Answer 32

tissue in the stem of a plant that gives rise to cork on its outer surface and a layer of cells containing chlorophyll on its inner surface.

Question 33

Location of the intercalary meristem

Answer 33

base of internodes

Question 34

intercalary meristem

Answer 34

enables rapid growth in height of bamboo (internode elongation) unique to monocots and enables re-growth of grass removed by grazing or mowing