Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KPE264 > L4-5;C5 > Flashcards

L4-5;C5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the forgotten endocrine tissue?

A

Adipose cells! FATS!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the hormones secreted by adipose tissues? What are their functions?

A

Adiponectin: good fat hormone secreted by lipids, more means less metabolic diseases

Leptin: acts as an inhibitor for appetite. More fat deposition leads to a greater increase of this. Greater leptin leads to greater diabetes’ risk

Tumor Necrosis Factor A (TNF-a)- secreted due to abnormal fat, associated with diabetes

Resistin: insulin resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are hormones secreted?

A

In bursts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What fluctuates within the blood over time?

A

Plasma concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cortisol levels are ____ while sleeping and start to _____ during the day

A

Low, increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hormones are regulated by what?

A

A negative feedback loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can plasma concentration be used for (indicator wise)

A

A poor indicator for hormone activity due to it fluctuating over time and not being stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cells change _______ to hormones. This is due to _____

A

Sensitivity, the dynamic receptor change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is down regulation?

A

This decreases the number of receptors during high [plasma] which is desensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is upregulation?

A

The increase in the number of receptors during high [plasma] which si sensitization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give an example of upregualtion

A

When our exercise increases, the rapid movement of glucose is seen. This is an intermediate response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The mechanism of hormonal actions is also dictated by what

A

Their chemical structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give an example of how hormonal actions are dictated by their chemical structure.

A

Steroid hormones are lipid solvable, there are bound to carrier proteins in blood

Non steroid hormones are water solvable and dissolve in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the five steps for steroid hormone activation

A
  1. Steroid enters cell
  2. Hormone binds to specific receptor in cytoplasm
  3. hormone complex activates DNA to form RNA
  4. MRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis in cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the five steps for nonsteroid hormone activation

A
  1. Hormone binds to specific receptor on cell membrane
  2. Non steroid cant pass through cell membrane (hence step 1)
  3. Hormone receptor complex activates adenylate Cyclase with cell membrane
  4. Adenylate cyclase catalyze formation of cAMP
  5. cAMP leads to hormonal changes via activation of protein kinase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are prostaglandins and their actions

A
  • these have a more paracrine actions
  • these are considered a third class pseudo hormone
  • these are derived from arachdonic acid
  • acts as a local hormone for: inflammatory and pain receptors
17
Q

Name five key points regarding hormone control

A
  1. Hormones can act on multiple tissues depending on receptors
  2. A negative feedback loops regulates secretion of most hormones
  3. Number of hormone receptors can be altered
  4. Upregualtion is increasing the number of available receptors
  5. Downregulation is decreasing number of available receptors
18
Q

Hormones have both ______ and _______ activation depending on solubility

A

Direct, indirect

19
Q

What is the only difference between trained and untrained individuals with regards to hormones?

A

The amount of secretion for a specific hormone

20
Q

Hormone regulation of metabolism during exercise has two objectives:

A
  1. Mobilizes fuel for the production of ATP

2. Maintain blood glucose level

21
Q

What are the three objectives for hormonal action for cardiovascular regulation?

A
  1. Enhance cardiac function- this is how nutrients and hormones are brought to tissue
  2. Distribute blood to active tissue-hormones can mediate their response
  3. Maintain blood pressure by stabilizing fluid and electrolytes- blood pressure falls= you lose driving force for gas exchange and distribution on tissues
22
Q

What are the key hormones for CV regulation? (4 of them)

A
  1. Epinephrine
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. ADH (vasopressin)
  4. Aldosterone
23
Q

What happens in blood concentration during exercise with regards to catecholamines?

A
  • increase in catecholamines at max exercise
  • once exercise stops these start to decrease
  • depends on how intense exercise is
24
Q

What happens with hormones during the regulation of glucose metabolism during exercise? Why do these perform their actions?

A
  • increase in glucagon= promotes liver glycogen breakdown and glucose formation from AA
  • increase in catecholamines= promotes glycogenolysis
  • increase in cortisol= promotes protein catabolism

These perform their actions to allow for stability in blood glucose level

25
Q

What is the relationship between glucose and insulin during exercise?

A
  • insulin is secreted to take up glucose and drop their levels
  • insulin is an anabolic hormone
  • we dont want liver and other tissues to use glucose, so insulin decreases to allow glucose to maintain in the blood
  • insulin sensitivity increases in muscle due to upregulation. Glut-4-trasnmembrane helps mobilize fuel
26
Q

Describe the relationship between the regulation of fat metabolism and exercise

A
  • lipolysis is hormonally controlled during exercise by the following:

Decreased insulin (low insulin stimulates lipolysis)
Catecholamines
Cortisol
Growth hormones

27
Q

What is the role of Irisin?

A

This causes white fat to act as brown fat. This is released by muscles that stimulates the metabolic activity of fats. This stimulation may contribute to losing fat quicker.

28
Q

Explain the relationship between FFAs and cortisol during exercise:

A

-even after a decrease in cortisol, there is an increase in FFA to provide more nutrients and fuel

29
Q

Explain GH, and catecholamines during exercise.

A
  • the catecholamines increase during exercise which triggers the increase of FFAs in blood
  • GH starts to exhibit an increase and keeps going to mobilize FFAs
30
Q

How is plasma glucose increased?

A

Combined action of catecholamines, glucagon, and cortisol

31
Q

How does insulin help the cell?

A

It allows for glucose to enter the cell, it decreases during prolonged exercise

32
Q

When CHO reserve is low, the body turns to what kind of function?

A

Oxidation and lipolysis are increased

33
Q

What increase in pituitary to Send neural pulse to stimulate a specific hormone, which hormone?

A

The increase in osmolarity sends a neural pulse. Overall this stimulates ADH

34
Q

What is the function of ADH

A

Circulates in blood to targeted tissue (kidneys) to increase water permeability

35
Q

What does an increased water permeability mean/do?

A

This means an increased water retention balancing out water loss through sweating.

36
Q

Describe the hormonal regulation with the adrenal cortex (specially, what aldosterone effects)

A
  • an increase in sodium retention via kidneys
  • an increased sodium retention and increased water retention via osmosis
  • an increased sodium retention and increased potassium excretion
37
Q

What happens for the stimulation of aldosterone release? (recall, potassium is high in cell)

A
  • decrease plasma sodium
  • decrease blood volume and blood pressure
  • increase plasma potassium
  • indirectly stimulated by decrease blood volume. Decrease blood pressure in kidneys
38
Q

What are the kidneys a target tissue for?

A

ADH, aldosterone, and secretes EPO

39
Q

What is EPO?

A

Low blood O2 in kidneys, EPO is released. This situates RBC production and is critical for training.

KPE264 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions