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KPE264 > L2;C2 > Flashcards

L2;C2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is energy measured in biological systems?

A

Energy is measured in kilocalories. All energy is eventually converted to heat.

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2
Q

One Kcal is the amount of heat energy needed to raise:

A

1kg of water by 1 degree Celsius

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3
Q

What are the three types of work? Provide a description of each.

A

Mechanical work: muscle contractions, cell division; this needs heat or energy
Chemical work: synthesis of molecules
Transport work: diffusion, active transport

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4
Q

What are the three components to supplying energy?

A

Carbs, fats, proteins

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5
Q

At rest, what percentage of energy does CHO and fats provide?

A

80-90%

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6
Q

What is type of energy mainly used during short intensity exercise?

A

CHO

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7
Q

What type of energy is mainly sued during long less intense exercise?

A

CHO, fats and 10% protein

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8
Q

Provide a brief description of CHO and what they get converted to, their storage component, etc.

A

Carbohydrates get converted to glucose and be converted to glycogen
The two storage components for glycogen are muscles and liver. Muscles being the largest component of storage.

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9
Q

Provide a brief description of fats and what they get converted to, their storage component, etc.

A

Fats are stored as triglycerides. These are made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. Most energy is derived from breaking dow fat instead of CHO.

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10
Q

Where is most fat located?

A

Visceral and subcutaneous areas

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11
Q

Provide a brief description of proteins and what they get converted to, their storage component, etc.

A

Proteins are not really stored anywhere, to be used they must lose their nitrogen group and the new processed or broken down.

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12
Q

How are FFA mobilized?

A
  • when FFA is in short supply, it is replenished via triglycerides in adipose tissue
  • lipase (hormone sensitive) catabolizes adipose triglyceride and transports to mitochondria
  • muscle triglyceride are also metabolized to provide fatty acids
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13
Q

What complex is used to transport FFA?

A

Carnitine enzyme complex provides transport to FFA during the mobilization phase

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14
Q

What are coenzymes? what do they do?

A

These are non protein organic substances. They assist enzymes action by binding the substrate to the enzyme.

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15
Q

What are the type types of enzyme inhibition? Describe them.

A

Competitive inhibition= substrates that closely resemble the target substrate but cannot be changed by the enzyme. These bind to the enzyme activity site.

Noncompetitive inhibition= these do not resemble the targeted substrate. These bind to non active sites. They alter enzymes.

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16
Q

What are the two redox reactions? Wha do they do?

A

Oxidation= this is the loss of an electron, this then has a transfer of O2, H2, or e-

Reduction= this is a gain of electrons

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17
Q

What is the mass action effect?

A

Basically, more of a substrate. More of a product it will yield.

  • chemical processes progress towards the products with additional reactants
  • addition of products causes the progression towards reactants
  • changing the [] of a substance alters different reactions
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18
Q

We derive energy from food and store it as high energy compounds of ______

A

ATP

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19
Q

CHo is stored as ______ in muscles and the liver

A

Glycogen

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20
Q

Fat is stored as triglycerides and broken into ______

A

FFAs

21
Q

The three main systems for ATP generation

A
  1. ATP-PCr system
  2. Glycolytic system
  3. Oxidative system
22
Q

Explain how the PCr system creates ATP

A
  • PCr break into Pi and Cr
  • free energy, Pi, and ADP for ma reaction
  • this creates ATP
23
Q

Wha enzyme causes the breakdown of PCr?

A

Creation kinase

24
Q

What provides the demand of ATP in the PCr system?

A

The breakdown of PCr will explain the demand of ATP

PCr breakdown—> ATP demand—> ATP supply

25
Q

What is the adenylate kinase reaction? What does it do?

A
  • this reforms ATP using two ADP molecules. Results in ATP and AMP
  • Adenylate kinase itself drives the reaction
26
Q

Within metabolic reactions, what needs an doesn’t need ATP?

A

Glycogen doesnt need ATP since its the starting molecule of reactions, glucose does need ATP in order to convert to glycogen.

27
Q

What are the steps for glycolysis (shortened) ?

A
  • Glucose or glycogen is broken down into pyruvic acid
  • without O2 present, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
  • oxygen isn’t an essential for anaerobic glycolysis’ final synthesis
28
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis?

A

PFK-1 this is an allosteric rate limiting enzyme

29
Q

1 mole of glucose —> ____ moles of ATP

1 mole of glycogen —> ____ moles of ATP

A

2, 3

30
Q

3 Key points for the PCr reaction:

A
  1. The separation of Cr and Pi is caused by creatine kinase
  2. 1 mol of ATP per 1 mole of PCr
  3. Pi is combined with ADP to form 1 ATP
31
Q

What is aerobic glycolysis?

A
  • this plays a role in both aerobic and anaerobic systems

- this process is the same regardless of O2 being present (minus the end product of lactic acid and pyruvate)

32
Q

What are some of the steps and key points for the kreb cycle?

A

(Recall, every glucose molecule yields two moles of pyruvate. Meaning every glucose entered in thee system can allow for two runs of the kreb cycle)

  • when succinyl CoA is converted into succinate, this results in GTP production which transfers Pi to ADP forming ATP
  • ## the inhibitor of the kreb cycle is isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) which is inhibited by ATP and activated by ADP and Pi
33
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation produces _____ molecules of ATP within kreb cycle for every glucose molecule

A

2

34
Q

What two enzymes/molecules within the kreb cycle are used during studies tro determine aerobic metabolism?

A

Citrate synthase, succinyl CoA

35
Q

Explain what the ETC does and some fo the characteristics of it

A
  • there have ions coming in and out of the membrane which cause an electrical potential
  • outside membranes are positive, inside membrane are negative (movement of H+)
  • ATPsynthse is powered by proton motive forces
  • this keeps producing ATP
36
Q

Since H+ are a product of glycolysis and production of pyruvate, where do they go and how?

A

They are transported to the ETC via NAD and FAD

37
Q

The cytochromes in the ETC have _____ ______ ______ passing to each other throughout the cycle

A

High energy electrons

38
Q

Energy pumps ______ into and out of the matrix forming ______

A

Electrons ATP

39
Q

What is the process at the end of the ETC that involves ATPsynthase? What does it use and produce?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation is at the end of ETC and involves ATP synthase which uses O2 and H2 to produce H2O. ATP

40
Q

With regards to oxidation of fat, what does lipolysis do?

A

Lipolysis breaks triglycerides to glycerol and 3 FFAs

41
Q

Explain some characteristics and steps to Beta oxidation of fats.

A
  • FFAs are oxidized to form active FFAs, this is used for energy to start teh system up
  • an abundance of Carbon and Hydrogen is needed to produce the ending product of 2 hydrogen molecules but needs lots of Oxygen to expel
  • fat is stored in adipose and muscle tissue as triglycerides. These break into glycerol and FFAs
  • Beta oxidation produces 28 ATP
42
Q

What is the interaction or relationship between energy system with respect to maximal ATP generation?

A

Fastest to slowest:

PCr, glycolysis, CHO oxidation, Fat oxidation

43
Q

What is the interaction or relationship between energy system with respect to maximal available energy?

A

Most storage to least storage:

Fat oxidation, CHO oxidation, glycolysis, PCr

44
Q

Oxidation of CHO with regards to glucose produces ____ ATP

Oxidation of CHO with regards to glycogen produces ____ ATP

A

32, 33

45
Q

Why is the reduction of ATP in glucose oxidation of CHO 32?

A

This is reduced due to the shuttling of electrons and energy usage

46
Q

The oxidative capacity of muscle fibres depend on 4 things

A

Oxidative enzyme levels
Fibre type
Composition
O2 availability

47
Q

The process of protein or fat converting to glucose is _________
The process of protein to fatty acids is _______

A

Gluconeogenesis

Lipogenesis

48
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They lower activation energy

KPE264 (17 decks)

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