L21-22;C16 Flashcards
What is the placebo effect?
The phenomenon which the bodies expectations are changing the response. This changes performance and inactive substances will act like a real substance
What is bicarbonate? What does it do?
This is a buffer that increases extraceullar pH which increases transport of lactate
- ingesting 300mg/kg benefits anaerobic activities of 1-7 minutes
- this delays onset of fatigue in muscles and removes H+ ions from muscle fibres
What are the risk of bicarbonate?
GI-tract discomfort
Sodium citrate allows similar results without risk
What is Beta-Alanine? What does it do and what are the risks?
This increases intracellular buffering and increases muscle cell caronisne levels
The risk is parenthesia (tingling in extremities)
What is caffeine? What does it act on? What are the benefits and effects?
Caffeine is a CNS stimulant that acts on adenosine receptors in the brain. This has similar effects to amphetamines.
The benefits are:
- improved alertness and reaction time
- improved concentration
- improved energy level
The effects are:
- decrease fatigue and enhances use of muscle triglycerides
- enhances catecholamine release
- increases FFA mobilization
What are cherry juice polyphenoyls?
These help reduce pain by utilizing anti inflammatory and anti oxidant properties.
The effects are that muscle pain perception is reduced
What are the benefits of creatine?
- enhanced peak power production
- improved recovery from high intensity exercise
What are the effects of creatine?
- increased muscle PCr
- enhanced performance in high power exercise
- strength gain in resistance training
What is the protocol for taking creatine?
Fast:20-30g per day for 5-7 days
Slow: 3G per day for 30 days
Maintenance phase: 2-g/day
What are some effects that creatine has on the ATP-PCr system and what do they do?
- max force in isometric contractions
- strength and endurance at isokinetic testing and muscular force
What are the effects of creatine on body mass?
- increase in BM mainly as muscle tissue
- increase in myosin
- increase in body water
What is the safety point for creatine? (How much)
5G a day
What is the benefits, effects, and risk of nitrate?
Benfits: increases delivery of O2 to muscle
Effects: less fatigue and reduces O2 consumption, as well as reduces systolic blood pressure
Risks: only risk in medicated individuals
What are the three codes for the anti doping ban on supplements?
- Potential to enhance sport performance
- Potential to harm athlete
- Violates spirit of sport
What are stimulants?
These act to stimulate the sympathetic system and make it seem like the user can resist fatigue. They are found in a lot of weight loss supplements
What are the potential benefits for stimulants?
- weight loss with fine motor control and focus
- improved reaction time and power+endurance output with speed
- higher maximum heart rate and peak lactate concentration at exhaustion
What are some risk of stimulants?
- high BP and HR lead to death, which can trigger arrhythmia
- delayed sensation of fatigue leads to dangerous lifting, these can be addicting
- causes anxiety, nervousness, aggression
What are the benefits to anabolic steroids?
- increases FFM and strength
- reduced fat mass
- facilities recovery after exercise
What are the effects of anabolic steroids?
- increase FFM and total N and K content which are FFM indicators
- increases the size of the muscles, strength, and fibre damage of exhaustion
What is the dose response effect with steroids on FFM?
Steroids act on receptors that increase protein synthesis, when anabolic were ingested there wasnt a significant change in FFA until a threshold of the dose was met. Once you get the significant amount your FFM increases.
What are the risk of anabolic in the following:
Children
Men
Woman
Children—>Smaller stature
Men—> excess estrogen, breast enlargement, testicular atrophy, reduction in sperm
Females—> disruption of menstrual cycle, development of masculine sex characteristics
What are some benefits of HGH?
- stimulation of bone growth, protein, and nucleic synthesis
- stimulation of IGF-1 synthesis, which increases metabolic work and lean tissue
- increases FFA mobilization, blood glucose level, and healing after injury but decreases FFM
What are some effects of HGH?
- FFM and bone density increase in older men with a decrease in FM
- Acromegaly, thickness of skin and bigger face and feet
- enlarges internal organs
Can cause diabetes, hypertension, and cardiomyopathy
What are diuretics?
These mask other effects of stimulants, they have temporary weight reduction and dilution of banned substances in urine samples.
What are some effects of diuretics?
Dehydration and temporary weight loss
Dehydration leads to not being capable of thermoregulation leading to heat stroke
What are two risks associated with Diuretics?
- Impaired thermoregulation
2. Electrolyte imbalance leads to fatigue
What are beta blockers? What do they do?
Beta blockers decrease resting and submaximal heart rate. They are a suppressant. These also increase hand stability and stage performance
What’s are some risks of beta blockers?
- brsochospsasm in asthmatics and hypoglycaemia
- cardiac failure and low blood pressure
- fatigue and impaired performance
What is blood doping?
This increases RBC count. By increasing RBC binding to hemoglobin, this will increase O2 delivery and enhance performance
What are the benefits of blood doping?
- enhanced O2 carrying capacity which improves short and long endurance activities
- increases VO2 max
What is the main risk of blood doping?
Blood becomes too viscous leading to excessive clotting. Blood matching and complications lead to bone diseases
How long does VO2 stay elevated in long endurance athletes?
16 weeks
What is critical when blood doping? (3 things)
- Wait 5-6 weeks to see effect
- Must reinfuse 900+ml of blood and KEEP BLOOD FROZEN
- Must wait 5-6 weeks before injecting
