L34 Patho of CNS Disorders Flashcards
What 3 structures are part of the hindbrain?
medulla, pons, cerebellum
What 4 structures are part of the forebrain?
Cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, diencephalon
what 2 structures are part of the midbrain?
Substantia nigra is the main thing but its broken down into SN compacta and SN pars reticulata
function of medulla
autonomic functions, respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor responses, reflexes
function of pons
“bridge”
relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum
function of cerebellum
“little brain”
governs motor coordination for smooth movements
where does the cerebellum undergo neurodegeneration?
spinocerebellar ataxias
3 functions of SN sars compacta
- provides input to basal ganglia
- supplies dopamine to striatum
- involved in voluntary motor control and some cognitive function
SN pars reticulata function
has an output function, relays signals from the basal ganglia to the thalamus
when does SN pars compacta undergo neurdegenration?
in parkinsons disease
main thing to take away from SN?
dopamine to striatum
reticulata to thalamus
function of cortex
processing and interpreting info
basal ganglia function
voluntary motor control, some cognitive function
limbic system components and functions
amygdala-> emotions
hippocampus-> memory
wtf is the diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus: relay station to and from cortex
hypothalamus: homeostasis, emotions, hormonal control, direct neural regulation
schizophrenia is a disease of the _______ _______
frontal cortex (duh its a lot of thinking and shit and complex)
where are decisions made?
cortico-thalamus loops
what can damage to the cortex affect?
movement, speech, personality
like my boy phineas gage
Which of the following structures is directly involved in involuntary functions?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thalamus
C. Medulla oblongata
D. A, B, and C
E. A and C
E. A and C, or hypothalamus and medulla oblongata
know the medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, cerebellum, and cortex for the exam on a brain picture
thanks cole i’ll look into that
what are the different types of glial cells?
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
Microglia
3 roles of astrocytes
- provide neurons with growth factors and antioxidants
- remove excess glutamate
- support the BBB (bc they have access to blood vessels and shit)
role of oligodendrocytes
produce myelin sheath that insulates exons
3 roles of microglia
- “immune cells of the brain”
- provide growth factors
- clear debris by phagocytosis
- neuroinflammation
the BBB is stabilized by _______ in the ______ cell layer of blood vessels in the brain
tight junctions
endothelial
what is a soma
neuron cell body
Neurotransmission involves a release of synaptic vesicles from what into the what?
boutons (?) into the synaptic cleft
neurotransmission is triggered by electrical _______ of the neuron. which is also an influx of ___ ions that change the polarity of the membrane
depolarization, Na+
how long do action potentials last?
0.2-0.5 msec
action potentials for a single neuron are always ___________
of the same magnitude (this is called the “all or none” response
excitatory neurotransmitters do what to the membrane potential?
depolarize
inhibitory neurotransmitters do what to the membrane potential?
polarize (i think)
what is EPSP?
excitatory postsynaptic potential (subthreshold depolarization peak) (this was red on the slide)
excitatory neurotransmitters act on what receptor in EPSPs? This allows for what to happen?
ionotropic, Na+ ions cross the membrane
what is IPSP?
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
IPSP slide:
Inhibitory neurotransmitter induces _________ by allowing ___ ions to cross the membrane
hyperpolarization, Cl-
An IPSP can _______ the magnitude of a subsequent EPSP
decrease
hey cole go review the figure on slide 20 of 31 in lecture 34 because that will be on the exam!
okay man thanks for looking out ….
actually fucking do this dumbass
how do drugs generally act in the CNS?
modulating synaptic neurotransmission
what are the 3 common amino acid neurotransmitters
GABA
glycine
glutamate
what are the 4 common non-amino acid neurotransmitters?
Ach
dopamine (DA)
norepinephrine
serotonin/ 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
major inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
how does GABA depress neuronal excitability
increasing flux of Cl- ions into the neuron
Drugs that interact with GABA pathways are generally ___ ________
CNS depressants
3 classes that are common as CNS depressants / interact with GABA pathways
- Sedative hypnotics (benzos/barbiturates)
- anticonvulsants
- anxiolytics
Glycine and GABA relationship
glycine is similar to GABA, but acts in the spinal cord instead
Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
glutamate
excess glutamate can do what and how
cause neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca2+ into the neuron
metabotropic glutamate receptor
GPCRs
ionotropic glutamate receptors
NMDA and AMPA
excess amounts of glutamate can cause which two things
epilepsy and schizophrenia
4 sections of brain that are more prominent/involved for Ach transmission
basal forebrain
pons
cortex
basal ganglia
Ach deals with what receptors?
muscarinic (M1-M5) and nicotinic receptors (in the periphery)
3 things in the little box on Ach transmission slide that it affects
- cognitive function/decline
- nicotine dependence
- movement disorders
examples of drugs targeting Ach transmission are ________ inhibitors, such as _______ that is used to treat alzheimers
cholinesterase, aricept
what section of the brain is dopamine the most prominent in?
midbrain
what type of receptors are D1-D5?
GPCRs
DA neurons arise from where
the ventral tegmental area and the SN
5 disease states most prevalent with dopamine
- schizophrenia
- PD
- addiction
- depression
- ADHD
drugs that block DAT increase ___________ DA and can produce euphoria and lead to addiction. also what 2 drugs do this?
extracellular (excess dopamine just hanging around), also amphetamine and cocaine)
excessive dopaminergic signaling may be involved in what
schizophrenia
Loss of DA neurons in the SN is responsible for what
Parkinsons disease
what drug class is D2 receptor antagonists?
Antipsychotics
what disease state is treated with drugs that interact with D2/D3 and D1 (they’re agonists)
parkinsons disease
location in brain where Norepinephrine transmission is the most prominent
pons
4 disease states/other things that aren’t diseases affiliated with Norepinephrine transmission (okay only one of these is a “disease”)
- memory
- depression
- addiction
- pain
drug targets for Norepinephrine
alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (GPCRs) and the Norepinephrine transporter (NET).
NET inhibitors are used to treat what
depression
part(s) of the brain most prominent for serotonin transmission
midbrain/pons
5-HT axons arise from a group of cell bodies called _____
raphe (rah-fay) nuclei
3 disease states/other shit affiliated with serotonin
- depression
- mood disorders/ anxiety
- schizophrenia
5-HT2a antagonists treatment/drug class
atypical antipsychotics
5-HT1D agonists treatment
migraine
SERT uptake inhibitors treatment
depression
5-HT2a agonists drug class
hallucinogenic (like acid)
