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PHRM 845 > L34 Patho of CNS Disorders > Flashcards

L34 Patho of CNS Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 structures are part of the hindbrain?

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

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2
Q

What 4 structures are part of the forebrain?

A

Cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, diencephalon

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3
Q

what 2 structures are part of the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra is the main thing but its broken down into SN compacta and SN pars reticulata

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4
Q

function of medulla

A

autonomic functions, respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor responses, reflexes

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5
Q

function of pons

A

“bridge”
relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum

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6
Q

function of cerebellum

A

“little brain”
governs motor coordination for smooth movements

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7
Q

where does the cerebellum undergo neurodegeneration?

A

spinocerebellar ataxias

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8
Q

3 functions of SN sars compacta

A
  • provides input to basal ganglia
  • supplies dopamine to striatum
  • involved in voluntary motor control and some cognitive function
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9
Q

SN pars reticulata function

A

has an output function, relays signals from the basal ganglia to the thalamus

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9
Q

when does SN pars compacta undergo neurdegenration?

A

in parkinsons disease

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10
Q

main thing to take away from SN?

A

dopamine to striatum
reticulata to thalamus

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11
Q

function of cortex

A

processing and interpreting info

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12
Q

basal ganglia function

A

voluntary motor control, some cognitive function

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13
Q

limbic system components and functions

A

amygdala-> emotions
hippocampus-> memory

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14
Q

wtf is the diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus: relay station to and from cortex
hypothalamus: homeostasis, emotions, hormonal control, direct neural regulation

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15
Q

schizophrenia is a disease of the _______ _______

A

frontal cortex (duh its a lot of thinking and shit and complex)

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16
Q

where are decisions made?

A

cortico-thalamus loops

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17
Q

what can damage to the cortex affect?

A

movement, speech, personality

like my boy phineas gage

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18
Q

Which of the following structures is directly involved in involuntary functions?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thalamus
C. Medulla oblongata
D. A, B, and C
E. A and C

A

E. A and C, or hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

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19
Q

know the medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, cerebellum, and cortex for the exam on a brain picture

A

thanks cole i’ll look into that

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20
Q

what are the different types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
Microglia

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21
Q

3 roles of astrocytes

A
  • provide neurons with growth factors and antioxidants
  • remove excess glutamate
  • support the BBB (bc they have access to blood vessels and shit)
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22
Q

role of oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin sheath that insulates exons

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23
Q

3 roles of microglia

A
  • “immune cells of the brain”
  • provide growth factors
  • clear debris by phagocytosis
  • neuroinflammation
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24
Q

the BBB is stabilized by _______ in the ______ cell layer of blood vessels in the brain

A

tight junctions
endothelial

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25
Q

what is a soma

A

neuron cell body

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26
Q

Neurotransmission involves a release of synaptic vesicles from what into the what?

A

boutons (?) into the synaptic cleft

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27
Q

neurotransmission is triggered by electrical _______ of the neuron. which is also an influx of ___ ions that change the polarity of the membrane

A

depolarization, Na+

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28
Q

how long do action potentials last?

A

0.2-0.5 msec

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29
Q

action potentials for a single neuron are always ___________

A

of the same magnitude (this is called the “all or none” response

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30
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters do what to the membrane potential?

A

depolarize

31
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters do what to the membrane potential?

A

polarize (i think)

32
Q

what is EPSP?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential (subthreshold depolarization peak) (this was red on the slide)

33
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters act on what receptor in EPSPs? This allows for what to happen?

A

ionotropic, Na+ ions cross the membrane

34
Q

what is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

35
Q

IPSP slide:
Inhibitory neurotransmitter induces _________ by allowing ___ ions to cross the membrane

A

hyperpolarization, Cl-

36
Q

An IPSP can _______ the magnitude of a subsequent EPSP

A

decrease

37
Q

hey cole go review the figure on slide 20 of 31 in lecture 34 because that will be on the exam!

A

okay man thanks for looking out ….
actually fucking do this dumbass

38
Q

how do drugs generally act in the CNS?

A

modulating synaptic neurotransmission

39
Q

what are the 3 common amino acid neurotransmitters

A

GABA
glycine
glutamate

40
Q

what are the 4 common non-amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

Ach
dopamine (DA)
norepinephrine
serotonin/ 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

41
Q

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

42
Q

how does GABA depress neuronal excitability

A

increasing flux of Cl- ions into the neuron

43
Q

Drugs that interact with GABA pathways are generally ___ ________

A

CNS depressants

44
Q

3 classes that are common as CNS depressants / interact with GABA pathways

A
  • Sedative hypnotics (benzos/barbiturates)
  • anticonvulsants
  • anxiolytics
45
Q

Glycine and GABA relationship

A

glycine is similar to GABA, but acts in the spinal cord instead

46
Q

Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

glutamate

47
Q

excess glutamate can do what and how

A

cause neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca2+ into the neuron

48
Q

metabotropic glutamate receptor

A

GPCRs

49
Q

ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

NMDA and AMPA

50
Q

excess amounts of glutamate can cause which two things

A

epilepsy and schizophrenia

51
Q

4 sections of brain that are more prominent/involved for Ach transmission

A

basal forebrain
pons
cortex
basal ganglia

52
Q

Ach deals with what receptors?

A

muscarinic (M1-M5) and nicotinic receptors (in the periphery)

53
Q

3 things in the little box on Ach transmission slide that it affects

A
  • cognitive function/decline
  • nicotine dependence
  • movement disorders
54
Q

examples of drugs targeting Ach transmission are ________ inhibitors, such as _______ that is used to treat alzheimers

A

cholinesterase, aricept

55
Q

what section of the brain is dopamine the most prominent in?

A

midbrain

56
Q

what type of receptors are D1-D5?

A

GPCRs

57
Q

DA neurons arise from where

A

the ventral tegmental area and the SN

58
Q

5 disease states most prevalent with dopamine

A
  • schizophrenia
  • PD
  • addiction
  • depression
  • ADHD
59
Q

drugs that block DAT increase ___________ DA and can produce euphoria and lead to addiction. also what 2 drugs do this?

A

extracellular (excess dopamine just hanging around), also amphetamine and cocaine)

60
Q

excessive dopaminergic signaling may be involved in what

A

schizophrenia

61
Q

Loss of DA neurons in the SN is responsible for what

A

Parkinsons disease

62
Q

what drug class is D2 receptor antagonists?

A

Antipsychotics

63
Q

what disease state is treated with drugs that interact with D2/D3 and D1 (they’re agonists)

A

parkinsons disease

64
Q

location in brain where Norepinephrine transmission is the most prominent

A

pons

65
Q

4 disease states/other things that aren’t diseases affiliated with Norepinephrine transmission (okay only one of these is a “disease”)

A
  • memory
  • depression
  • addiction
  • pain
66
Q

drug targets for Norepinephrine

A

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (GPCRs) and the Norepinephrine transporter (NET).

67
Q

NET inhibitors are used to treat what

A

depression

68
Q

part(s) of the brain most prominent for serotonin transmission

A

midbrain/pons

69
Q

5-HT axons arise from a group of cell bodies called _____

A

raphe (rah-fay) nuclei

70
Q

3 disease states/other shit affiliated with serotonin

A
  • depression
  • mood disorders/ anxiety
  • schizophrenia
71
Q

5-HT2a antagonists treatment/drug class

A

atypical antipsychotics

72
Q

5-HT1D agonists treatment

A

migraine

73
Q

SERT uptake inhibitors treatment

A

depression

74
Q

5-HT2a agonists drug class

A

hallucinogenic (like acid)

75
Q
A

PHRM 845 (34 decks)

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