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Immunology > L3 > Flashcards

L3 Flashcards

1
Q

How does neisseria gonorrhoeae evade immunity?

A

Prevents cell sloughing (mucous/skin)
By ↑adhesion molecules
Esp @ vagina

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2
Q

How does pneumococcus evade immunity?

A

Resists phagocytosis

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3
Q

How does staphylococci evade immunity?

A

Resistance to ROS once phagocytosed

Makes catalase - breaks Hperoxide into water

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4
Q

How does streptococcus evade immunity?

A

Resists alternative complement pathway activation

Blocks C3 binding

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5
Q

How does pseufomonas evade immunity?

A

Resists antimicrobial peptides

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6
Q

What defect results in Chronic Granulomatous Disease?

A

NADPH defect
Can’t made O2 –> superoxide
Can’t make HPeroxide for phago-lysosomes

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7
Q

What defect results in Chediak Higashi syndrome?

A

MPO defect

Abnormal fusion of phagosome w/ lysosome

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8
Q

What defect results in leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)?

A

Faulty CD18

Neutrophils & monocytes can’t attach to endothelium for diapedesis

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9
Q

What complement deficiency leads to increased Neisseria infection?

A

CD8
Can’t form MAC
Neisseria are especially susceptible to killing by MAC

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10
Q

What kinds of infections are common with IRAK4 deficiency?

A

= defect in TLR signaling - don’t get enough inflammation to kill pathogen
Recurrent (Gram+) bacterial infections

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11
Q

What 2 receptors need to be activated for macrophages to be both microbicidal and tumoricidal?

A

LPS + TLR4

INF gamma + INF gamma receptor

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12
Q

Explain the 4 steps from O2 –> water that can happen to get ROS inside phago-lysosomes.

A

O2 + NADPH –> superoxide
Superoxide + superoxide dismutase –> HPeroxide
HPeroxide + MPO –> halide ion insertion into pathogen membrane
HPeroxide + catalase –> H2O

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13
Q

What cells secrete TNF? What are the effects?

A 
Secreted
- Macrophages
- T cells
Action
- Inflam & coag of endothelium
- Neutrophils
- Fever
- Make acute phase reactants
- Possible apoptosis
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14
Q

What cells secrete IL1? What is IL1’s effect?

A 
Secreted:
- Macrophages
- Endothelium 
Actions:
- Inflam & coag endothelium
- Fever
- Make acute phase reactants via IL6
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15
Q

What cells secrete chemokines? What is chemokines effects?

A 
Secreted:
- Macrophages
- Endothelium 
- T cells
Actions:
- Migration & activation WBCs
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16
Q

What cells secrete IL12? Actions?

A 
Secreted:
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
Actions:
- IFN-gamma from NK & T cells
- Th1 differentiation
17
Q

What cells secrete IFN gamma? Actions?

A 
Secreted:
- NK cells
- T cells
Actions:
- Macrophage activation
- ↑Abs
18
Q

What cells secrete IFN alpha vs beta? Actions?

A 
Secreted:
- IFN alpha: macrophages
- IFN beta: fibroblasts 
Actions:
1. All cells into antiviral state
2. ↑MHC1
3. NK cells ON
19
Q

What cells secrete IL10? Actions?

A

Secreted:
- Macrophages
- Th2
Actions:
- Inhibit IL12 production from macrophages
- ↓MHC2 & costimulator receptors from macrophage membrane

20
Q

What cells secrete IL6? Actions?

A 
Secreted:
- Macrophages
- Endothelium 
- T cells
Actions
- ↑acute phase reactants: C reactive protein & MBL 
- ↑Abs from B cells
21
Q

What cells secrete IL15? Actions?

A

From macrophages
Actions:
- NK & T cell proliferation

22
Q

What cells secrete IL18? Actions?

A

From macrophages

↑IFN-gamma from NK & T cells

23
Q

What are the 2 signaling pathways for TLR4?

A

Small differences in receptor conformation with each different ligand bound

  1. MyD88 adapter –> NF kappa B TF –> transcribe inflam cytokines
  2. Internalize TLR4+antigen –> TRIF adapter –> IR3 TF –> type 1 IFs
24
Q

What is the other PRR that can activate the TRIF/IR3 signaling pathway?

25
Q

Describe the structure of TLRs.

A

Leucine rich repeat C arm
1 alpha helix transmembrane domain
TIR domain = toll/IL

26
Q

What is the role of acute phase reactants? Where are they made? Which cytokine increases the production of APR?

A

Turn off inflammation
IL6 –> made @ liver
Simultaneously turning on inflammation while already working to limit it

27
Q

When LPS binds macrophages, what are the 3 resulting actions?

A
  1. Lipid metabolites - modulate vessel tightness/edema
  2. Cytokines/chemokines - IFN-gamma that feeds back on macrophage to increase macro activity
  3. ROS
    All need to be balanced
    Dysregulation - (gram neg sepsis) circulatory collage, organ failure, shock, death
28
Q

Name the general steps of PRR signal transduction cascade.

A
  1. PAMP + PRR
    • adapter
    • kinase –> phosphorylate downstream proteins
  4. Proteins bind DNA to ↑transcription
    Outcome = inflam response
29
Q

What is the PAMP for gram+ bacteria? What PRR do they bind?

A 
PAMP = peptidoglycan & lipoproteins 
PRR = TLR2

Immunology (25 decks)

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