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Immunology > L1 > Flashcards

L1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive or innate: specificity inherited in the genome.

A

Innate

Adaptive is randomized

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2
Q

What are the 2 cell lineages that arise from hematopoietic stem cell division? Name cells that arise from each.

A

Lymphoid - (adaptive cells) B, T, NK cells

Myeloid - (innate cells) RBCs, platelets, granulocytes

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3
Q

How do stroma cells in bone marrow contribute to blood cell division?

A

Make GFs that push cells into various differentiation paths

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4
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells divide and produce 2 different cells. What are they?

A

1 cell that differentiates

1 stem cell - self-renewing mechanism in division

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5
Q

What are the main granulocytes? What is their goal?

A

Pro-inflammatory granules

  1. Eosinophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Mast cells
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6
Q

Describe a neutrophil on histo.

A

PNM = multilobar nuclei (3-5 lobes)

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7
Q

Where do monocytes mature?

A

Monocyte enters tissue b/c chemokine gradient

@ tissue - differentiate into macrophages

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8
Q

What are the main functions of an activated macrophage?

A

Phagocytose pathogen
APC the phagosome
Secrete pro-inflam cytokines

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9
Q

What receptor is present on all T cells?

A

CD3
Helper = CD4 & CD3
Cytotoxic = CD8 & CD3

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10
Q

What happens when a lymphocyte becomes activated?

A

Lymphocyte = T/B cell precursor

Activated –> effector T or B cell

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11
Q

Are cytokines general or specific?

A

Specific!

Need receptors to bind cytokine

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12
Q

What are defensins?

A

Innate immune particles on skin to kill microbes before they get in

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13
Q

Describe why innate immunity has conserved receptors?

A

DNA encoded receptors for well established pathogens encountered throughout evolution
Looking for PATTERNS

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14
Q

Which granulocyte is the “first responder”?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

Which granulocyte is important for parasitic infections?

A

Eosinophils

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16
Q

Do granulocytes or phagocytes release cytokines when activated?

A

BOTH can!

17
Q

Why are adaptive immune receptors randomly generated?

A

Create large # possibilities

Cover your bases for pathogens you’ve never seen

18
Q

How does the adaptive immune system portray clonality?

A

1 cell w/ specific receptor gets activated
Divides
All have that specific receptor because it is the one that bound the antigen - clonal to that first precursor

19
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

The PATTERNS innate immune cells are looking for

20
Q

What are PRRs? Where are they located?

A

Pattern recognition receptors
ON and IN innate immune cells - @ membrane & vesicles
Bind PAMPs

21
Q

What cytokine do innate immune cells produce when PRRs bind PAMPs? What does this cytokine do?

A

IL1

Activate inflammation

22
Q

Why chemokines generally attract innate immune cells to a tissue?

A

IL1 & TNF

Allow APCs to migrate into tissue

23
Q

When innate immune cells enter a tissue, they increase expression of a certain receptor. Which one and why?

A

CCR7

Causes trafficking to nearest lymph node

24
Q

Where do APCs bind antigens? Where do they go once bound?

A

Bind @ peripheral tissue

Go to nearest lymph node

25
Q

When APCs bind antigen, the antigen is presented on MHC2. What other surface molecule is increased?

A

Co-stimulatory molecules increased

Needed for secondary activation of other immune cells (“confirmation signal”)

26
Q

Describe T and B cell distribution in lymph nodes?

A

T cells = central
B cells = outside as follicles
Movement between regions

27
Q

What is a lymphocyte vs leukocyte? Which cytokines are specific to each group?

A

Leuko = WBCs
- ILs allow communication between leukos
Lympho = adaptive immune cells
- Lymphokines for communication between lymphocytes

28
Q

How does innate immunity recruit adaptive? Give the general picture for both T and B cells.

A

Complement - B cells

APCs - T cells

29
Q

What receptors are on all B cells?

A

CD19
CD24
MHC 2
Fc receptors (surface Ab)

30
Q

What receptors are on all NK cells?

A

CD16 - Fc receptor for IgG

31
Q

What is the goal of Th1 cells? What cells do they act on?

A

T helper cell w/ goal = ACTIVATION
Make cytokines
Activate macrophages & CD8

32
Q

What is the goal of Th2 cells?

A

T helper w/ goal = create Abs - neutralize the pathogen

Recruit IgE & eosinophils

33
Q

What is the goal of Th17 cells?

A

T helper w/ goal = acute inflammation

34
Q

What is the goal of Treg cells?

A

T helper w/ goal = dampen immune response

35
Q

What happense without appropriate leukocyte mgration?

A

WBCs can’t follow or lacking a chemokine gradient

Can’t get to source of infection - won’t fight it

36
Q

What did David the Bubble Boy have?

A

SCID = severe combined immune deficiency

Inherited lack of innate AND adaptive immune systems

Immunology (25 decks)

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