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Integrated Medical Sciences > L25 Endocrine System > Flashcards

L25 Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

Hypothalamus, and is released from posterior pituitary

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2
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Hypothalamus, and is released from posterior pituitary

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3
Q

Where is ACTH secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary

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4
Q

Where is melatonin secreted?

A

Pineal gland

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5
Q

Where is atrial natriuretic peptide secreted from?

A

Heart

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6
Q

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone released from?

A

Anterior pituitary

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7
Q

Where is adrenaline and noradrenaline released from?

A

Adrenal medulla

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8
Q

What hormones are secreted from the cortex of the adrenal glands?

A

Salt: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Sugar: glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Sex: androgens

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9
Q

Where is calcitriol secreted?

A

Kidney

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10
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted?

A

Thyroid gland

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11
Q

What sections make up the anterior pituitary?

A

Pars tuberalis (layer of cells running up stalk)

Pars distalis (major portion of gland)

Pars intermedia (narrow band bordering posterior lobe)

(pars is Latin for ‘part’)

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12
Q

What structure encloses the pituitary gland?

A

Diaphragma sellae separates the pituitary gland and the sphenoid bone

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13
Q

How are the pituitary gland cell types classified according to staining pattern?

A
  • Acidophils (acidic dyes)
  • Basophils (basic dyes)
  • Chromophobes (no cytoplasmic staining)
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14
Q

Which pituitary cell types are acidophils?

A
  • Somatotrophs (growth hormone)

- Lactotrophs (prolactin)

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15
Q

Which pituitary cell types are basophils?

A
  • Corticotrophs (ACTH)
  • Gonadotrophs (FSH & LH)
  • Thyrotrophs (TSH)
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16
Q

Why do chromophobes fail to stain?

A

Too few granules.

17
Q

Why is the posterior pituitary also known as ‘pars nervosa’?

A

It is a continuation of the hypothalamus and contains hypothalamic neurons.

18
Q

Which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa)?

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

19
Q

What hormone is released from pars intermedia?

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

20
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid gland?

A
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Calcitonin
21
Q

If the thyroid cells appear more flattened than cuboidal, and there is increased colloid present, what does this suggest about thyroid activity?

A

Underactive thyroid.

22
Q

If the thyroid cells appear more columnar than cuboidal, and there is decreased colloid present, what does this suggest about thyroid activity?

A

Overactive thyroid

23
Q

Which cells produce calcitonin?

A

C-cells in thyroid

24
Q

What cells are present in the parathyroid glands?

A
  • Chief cells (PTH)

- Oxyphils (unknown function; rare before puberty)

25
Q

Why do glands need a good blood supply?

A

Their secretions need to get into circulation with ease

26
Q

How are the secretory units of the pancreas arranged?

A
  • Exocrine pancreas (99%) is arranged into clusters of tubulo-acinar glands
  • Endocrine pancreas (1%) is arranged into small groups throughout pancreas called ‘Islets of Langerhans’
27
Q

What do pancreatic alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

Increases blood glucose by initiating breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver.

28
Q

What do pancreatic beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin

Decreases blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake by hepatocytes and synthesis of glycogen.

29
Q

What do pancreatic delta cells secrete?

A

Inhibiting peptide

Inhibits release of glucagon and insulin. Slows food absorption and enzyme secretion.

30
Q

What do pancreatic F cells secrete?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

Inhibits gallbladder contractions

Regulates production of some pancreatic enzymes

31
Q

Which is the innermost layer of the adrenal gland?

A

Medulla

M is for medulla, M is for middle.

32
Q

What are the zones found in the adrenal cortex?

A

Outer: zona glomerulus

Middle: zona fasciculata

Inner: zona reticularis

33
Q

True or false: Most hormones decline with age; cortisol is an exception.

A

True

34
Q

True or false: Hormone replacement therapy can slow aging

A

True, but is linked with cancer

Integrated Medical Sciences (51 decks)

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