L25 Endocrine System

Question 1

Where is ADH produced?

Answer 1

Hypothalamus, and is released from posterior pituitary

Question 2

Where is oxytocin produced?

Answer 2

Hypothalamus, and is released from posterior pituitary

Question 3

Where is ACTH secreted?

Answer 3

Anterior pituitary

Question 4

Where is melatonin secreted?

Answer 4

Pineal gland

Question 5

Where is atrial natriuretic peptide secreted from?

Answer 5

Heart

Question 6

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone released from?

Answer 6

Anterior pituitary

Question 7

Where is adrenaline and noradrenaline released from?

Answer 7

Adrenal medulla

Question 8

What hormones are secreted from the cortex of the adrenal glands?

Answer 8

Salt: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Sugar: glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Sex: androgens

Question 9

Where is calcitriol secreted?

Answer 9

Kidney

Question 10

Where is calcitonin secreted?

Answer 10

Thyroid gland

Question 11

What sections make up the anterior pituitary?

Answer 11

Pars tuberalis (layer of cells running up stalk)

Pars distalis (major portion of gland)

Pars intermedia (narrow band bordering posterior lobe)

(pars is Latin for ‘part’)

Question 12

What structure encloses the pituitary gland?

Answer 12

Diaphragma sellae separates the pituitary gland and the sphenoid bone

Question 13

How are the pituitary gland cell types classified according to staining pattern?

Answer 13

• Acidophils (acidic dyes)
• Basophils (basic dyes)
• Chromophobes (no cytoplasmic staining)

Question 14

Which pituitary cell types are acidophils?

Answer 14

• Somatotrophs (growth hormone)

- Lactotrophs (prolactin)

Question 15

Which pituitary cell types are basophils?

Answer 15

• Corticotrophs (ACTH)
• Gonadotrophs (FSH & LH)
• Thyrotrophs (TSH)

Question 16

Why do chromophobes fail to stain?

Answer 16

Too few granules.

Question 17

Why is the posterior pituitary also known as ‘pars nervosa’?

Answer 17

It is a continuation of the hypothalamus and contains hypothalamic neurons.

Question 18

Which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa)?

Answer 18

• ADH

- Oxytocin

Question 19

What hormone is released from pars intermedia?

Answer 19

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 20

What hormones are released by the thyroid gland?

Answer 20

• Triiodothyronine (T3)
• Thyroxine (T4)
• Calcitonin

Question 21

If the thyroid cells appear more flattened than cuboidal, and there is increased colloid present, what does this suggest about thyroid activity?

Answer 21

Underactive thyroid.

Question 22

If the thyroid cells appear more columnar than cuboidal, and there is decreased colloid present, what does this suggest about thyroid activity?

Answer 22

Overactive thyroid

Question 23

Which cells produce calcitonin?

Answer 23

C-cells in thyroid

Question 24

What cells are present in the parathyroid glands?

Answer 24

• Chief cells (PTH)

- Oxyphils (unknown function; rare before puberty)

Question 25

Why do glands need a good blood supply?

Answer 25

Their secretions need to get into circulation with ease

Question 26

How are the secretory units of the pancreas arranged?

Answer 26

- Exocrine pancreas (99%) is arranged into clusters of tubulo-acinar glands - Endocrine pancreas (1%) is arranged into small groups throughout pancreas called 'Islets of Langerhans'

Question 27

What do pancreatic alpha cells secrete?

Answer 27

Glucagon Increases blood glucose by initiating breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver.

Question 28

What do pancreatic beta cells secrete?

Answer 28

Insulin Decreases blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake by hepatocytes and synthesis of glycogen.

Question 29

What do pancreatic delta cells secrete?

Answer 29

Inhibiting peptide Inhibits release of glucagon and insulin. Slows food absorption and enzyme secretion.

Question 30

What do pancreatic F cells secrete?

Answer 30

Pancreatic polypeptide Inhibits gallbladder contractions Regulates production of some pancreatic enzymes

Question 31

Which is the innermost layer of the adrenal gland?

Answer 31

Medulla M is for medulla, M is for middle.

Question 32

What are the zones found in the adrenal cortex?

Answer 32

Outer: zona glomerulus Middle: zona fasciculata Inner: zona reticularis

Question 33

True or false: Most hormones decline with age; cortisol is an exception.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

True or false: Hormone replacement therapy can slow aging

Answer 34

True, but is linked with cancer