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Histology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following is NOT primarily composed of connective tissue?

a. Blood
b. Bone
c. Tendon
d. Intervertebral disc
e. Myometrium

A

e. Myometrium

The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus, thus it is composed of muscle tissue

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT a fibre found in connective tissue?

a. Collagen fiber
b. Elastic fibre
c. Reticular fibre
d. Purkinje fibre
e. All of the above are fibres found in connective tissue

A

d. Purkinje fibre

There are 3 types of connective tissue fibres: collagen, elastic, and reticular.

Purkinje fibres are specialised muscle fibres found in the heart.

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3
Q

Which connective tissue cell type contains properties of smooth muscle cells?

a. Fibroblast
b. Myofibroblast
c. Histiocyte
d. Plasma cell
e. Mast cell

A

b. Myofibroblast

Myofibroblasts contain
properties of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.

Fibroblasts produce the ground subtance in connective tissue. Histiocytes are macrophages. Plasma cells are derived from B lymphocytes. Mast cells secrete histamins and heparin.

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4
Q

Which cell is a connective tissue macrophage?

a. Kupffer cells
b. Histiocyte
c. Dust cell
d. Langerhans cell
e. Microglia

A

b. Histiocyte

Kupffer cells are hepatic macrophages. Dust cells are alveolar macrophages. LAngerhans cells are macrophages in the skin. Microglia and the CNS macrophages.

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5
Q

Which of the following can be classified as “specialised connective tissue”?

a. Mesenchyme
b. Mucous connective tissue
c. Dense connective tissue
d. Blood
e. Loose connective tissue

A

d. Blood

Specialised connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood, and haemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

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6
Q

Which of the following can be classified as “embryonic connective tissue”?

a. Cartilage
b. Mucous connective tissue
d. Adipose tissue
d. Bone
e. Blood

A

b. Mucous connective tissue

Embryonic connective tissue includes mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue.

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7
Q

What type of tissue makes up the dermis of the skin?

a. Mucous connective tissue
b. Mesenchyme
c. Loose irregular connective tissue
d. Dense irregular connective tissue
e. Dense regular connective tissue

A

d. Dense irregular connective tissue

Irregular as it needs strength in all directions.

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8
Q

What type of adipose tissue tends to increase as humans age?

a. Brown adipose tissue
b. White adipose tissue
c. Unilocular adipose tissue
d. Multilocular adipose tissue
e. Both b and c

A

e. Both b and c

Brown adipose tissue is multilocular adipose tissue. This is present during fetal development and then decreases after birth.

White adipose tissue is unilocular adipose tissue. This type of tissue persists into adulthood.

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9
Q

Which of the following would be best suited to differentiate collagen fibres from other fibres?

a. Wright’s stain
b. Haematoxylin and eosin stain
c. Sudan stain
d. Silver impregnation
e. Masson’s trichrome stain

A

e. Masson’s trichrome stain

A peripheral blood smear would be best visualised with Wright’s stain. Haematoxylin and eosin stain is the most commonly used tissue stain for routine histological examination. Lipids are best displayed with a sudan stain. Silver impregnation, such as with a reticular stain, can be used to visualise reticular fibres. Collagen fibres can be differentiated from other fibres by staining with Masson’s trichrome stain.

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10
Q

Which of the following is NOT primarily composed of connective tissue?

a. Bone marrow
b. Articular cartilage
c. Heart
d. Mesenchyme
e. Fat

A

c. Heart

Please be aware that there is connective tissue in the heart. The blood in the heart, for example, is composed of connective tissue. The pericardium is also composed of connective tissue. However, the primary tissue composing the heart is cardiac muscle.

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11
Q

Which one of these cells is not a cell type routinely found in loose connective tissue?

a. Fibroblast
b. Microglia
c. Histiocyte
d. Plasma cell
e. Mast cell

A

b. Microglia

Microglia are supporting cells in the nervous system.

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12
Q

Which of the following can be classified as “specialized connective tissue”?

a. Cartilage
b. Loose connective tissue
c. Mesenchyme
d. Dense connective tissue
e. Mucous connective tissue

A

a. Cartilage

Specialised connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and haemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

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13
Q

Which of the following can be classified as “connective tissue proper”?

a. Adipose tissue
b. Dense irregular connective tissue
c. Bone
d. Blood
e. Cartilage

A

b. Dense irregular connective tissue

Connective tissue proper consists of loose irregular connective tissue and dense connective tissue (regular and irregular).

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14
Q

What type of tissue is Wharton’s jelly?

a. Mucous connective tissue
b. Mesenchyme
c. Loose irregular connective tissue
d. Dense irregular connective tissue
e. Dense regular connective tissue

A

a. Mucous connective tissue

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15
Q

What type of tissue is a tendon composed of?

a. Mucous connective tissue
b. Mesenchyme
c. Loose irregular connective tissue
d. Dense irregular connective tissue
e. Dense regular connective tissue

A

e. Dense regular connective tissue

Dense regular as it needs strength against directional force

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16
Q

What does connective tissue develop from?

a. Mesothelium
b. Mesenchyme
c. Mesangial cells
d. Mesentery
e. Wharton’s jelly

A

b. Mesenchyme

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17
Q

What colour do elastic fibres stain with Verhoeff Elastic stain?

a. Red/Orange
b. Pink/red
c. Purple/Red
d. Blue/black
e. Green/blue

A

d. Blue/black

Verhoeff Elastic stain stains elastic fibers blue/black. Collagen stains pink/red.

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18
Q

Which of the following is a component of the ground substance?

a. Hyaluronic acid
b. Proteoglycans
c. Glycosaminoglycans
d. Chondroitin sulfate
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

Within connective tissue, the cells and fibres are embedded in the ground substance. The ground substance is amorphous material. It is composed of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are glycosaminoglycans.

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT primarily composed of connective tissue?

a. Spinal cord
b. Pubic symphysis
c. Ligament
d. Areolar tissue
e. Organ capsule

A

a. Spinal cord

Spinal cord is composed of nervous tissue

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20
Q

Which connective tissue cell type produces the ground substance in connective tissue?

a. Fibroblast
b. Myofibroblast
c. Histiocyte
d. Plasma cell
e. Mast cell

A

a. Fibroblast

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21
Q

Which connective tissue cell is derived from B lymphocytes?

a. Fibroblast
b. Myofibroblast
c. Histiocyte
d. Plasma cell
e. Mast cell

A

d. Plasma cell

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22
Q

Which of the following can be classified as “specialised connective tissue”?

a. Mesenchyme
b. Bone
c. Dense connective tissue
d. Mucous connective tissue
e. Loose connective tissue

A

b. Bone

Specialised connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and haemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

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23
Q

Which of the following can be classified as “connective tissue proper”?

a. Bone
b. Blood
c. Adipose tissue
d. Loose irregular connective tissue
e. Cartilage

A

d. Loose irregular connective tissue

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24
Q

What type of connective tissue is an undifferentiated tissue found in the embryo?

a. Mucous connective tissue
b. Mesenchyme
c. Loose irregular connective tissue
d. Dense irregular connective tissue
e. Dense regular connective tissue

A

b. Mesenchyme

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25
Q

What type of tissue is a ligament composed of?

a. Mucous connective tissue
b. Mesenchyme
c. Loose irregular connective tissue
d. Dense irregular connective tissue
e. Dense regular connective tissue

A

e. Dense regular connective tissue

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26
Q

Which of the following is not associated with connective tissue?

a. Tightly packed cells
b. Extracellular fibers
c. Tissue fluid
d. Ground substance
e. None of the above; all of the above are seen with connective tissue

A

a. Tightly packed cells

Connective tissue consists of cells and extracellular fibres in a ground substance and tissue fluid. There is generally abundant extracellular space in connective tissue; the cells are not tightly packed.

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27
Q

Which of the following would be best suited to visualise lipid?

a. Wright’s stain
b. Hematoxylin and eosin stain
c. Sudan stain
d. Silver impregnation
e. Masson’s trichrome stain

A

c. Sudan stain

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28
Q

A beauty treatment for the reduction of wrinkles is the injection of hyaluronic acid into the wrinkle. What is hyaluronic acid?

a. Dermatan sulfate
b. Proteoglycan
c. Glycosaminoglycan
d. Chondroitin sulfate
e. Keratan sulfate

A

c. Glycosaminoglycan

ground substance is amorphous material. It is composed of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. Hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan. Dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and keratan sulfate are also glycosaminoglycans.

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29
Q

What type of adipose tissue tends to decrease as humans age?

a. Brown adipose tissue
b. White adipose tissue
c. Unilocular adipose tissue
d. Multilocular adipose tissue
e. Both a and d

A

e. Both a and d

Brown adipose tissue is multilocular adipose tissue. This is present during faetal development and then decreases after birth.

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30
Q

Where is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?

a. Stomach
b. Small intestine
c. Ascending colon
d. Descending colon
e. Both a and b equally

A

b. Small intestine

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31
Q

What are the finger like projections of mucosa that are seen in the small intestine?

a. Lacteal
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

e. Villi

The lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is a lacteal.

Crypts of Lieberkuhn are the intestinal glands.

The plica circulares is a projection with a core of submucosa.

Microvilli that are seen on the epithelial cells in the small intestine form the brush border or striated border.

Villi are finger like projections of mucosa seen in the small intestine.

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32
Q

What is the lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine called?

a. Lacteal
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

a. Lacteal

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33
Q

Which layer contains the lamina propria?

a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

a. Mucosa

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.

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34
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches located?

a. Esophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine
e. Rectum

A

c. Small intestine

Peyer’s patches are large nodules of lymphatic tissue. They are seen in the small intestine.

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35
Q

What type of muscle makes up the muscularis externa in the esophagus?

a. Smooth
b. Striated
c. Cardiac
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c.

A

d. both a and b

The muscularis externa in the upper third of the esophagus is composed of striated muscle and in the lower third it is smooth muscle. The middle third is a blend.

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36
Q

What are mucous surface cells?

a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium

A

c. Simple columnar epithelium

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37
Q

What is another term for the brush border?

a. Lacteal
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

d. Striated border

It is made of microvilli

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38
Q

Which cells secrete intrinsic factor?

a. Parietal cells
b. Oxyntic cells
c. Chief cells
c. Mucous neck cells
e. Both a and b

A

e. Both a and b

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is the precursor for pepsin. Parietal cells are also called oxyntic cells. They secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Mucous neck cells contain mucinogen granules.

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39
Q

Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains the gut associated lymphatic tissue?

a. Mucosa
b. Submucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Muscularis mucosae
e. Serosa

A

a. Mucosa

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40
Q

Which layer contains Meissner’s plexus?

a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

b. Submucosa

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41
Q

What type of tissue lines most of the gastrointestinal tract?

a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium

A

c. Simple columnar epithelium

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract is simple columnar epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple columnar epithelium is “simple” because it is one cell thick. “Columnar” cells are taller than they are wide and have an oval nucleus.

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42
Q

What type of tissue lines the upper esophagus?

a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium

A

d. Stratified squamous epithelium

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43
Q

What are the modifications of the muscularis externa that is seen on the large intestine?

a. Teniae coli
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

a. Teniae coli

44
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands located?

a. Oesophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine
e. Rectum

A

c. Small intestine

Found in the submucosa of the duodenum

45
Q

What is the primary cell of the intestinal epithelium of the large intestine?

a. Columnar absorptive cell
b. Goblet cell
c. Parietal cells
d. Paneth cells
e. Chief cells

A

a. Columnar absorptive cell

46
Q

Which region are goblet cells most numerous?

a. Oesophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine
e. Anus

A

d. Large intestine

47
Q

Where is mesothelium found?

a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

d. Serosa

48
Q

At what level of the vascular tree does gas exchange occur?

a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery

A

a. Capillary

Capillaries are veryh thin walled in order to easily allow the exchange of gases.

49
Q

Which layer in an artery is primarily skeletal muscle?

a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

e. None of the above

Blood vessels contain smooth muscle within the tunica media, but no skeletal muscle.

50
Q

Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature between larger veins and arteries?

a. Veins have valves whereas arteries do not have valves
b. The tunics in veins are not as clearly delimited as are the tunics in arteries
c. The walls in veins are thinner than the walls in arteries
d. The lumen of a vein is smaller than the lumen of an artery
e. None. All of the above are true

A

d. The lumen of a vein is smaller than the lumen of an artery

Veins have valves whereas arteries do not have valves (no need due to high pressure). The tunics in veins are
not as clearly delimited as are the tunics in arteries. The walls in veins are
thinner than the walls in arteries. The lumen of a vein is larger than the lumen of
an artery.

51
Q

In which structure are things moved across the epithelium via pinocytotic vesicles?

a. Continuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus

A

a. Continuous capillaries

A characteristic of continuous capillaries is that things are transported across the epithelium via pinocytotic vesicles.

A characteristic of fenestrated capillaries is the presence of pores or fenestrae.

Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) are wide leaky capillaries. They are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

An arteriovenous anastomoses (AV anastomoses or AV shunt) is a direct route between arteries and veins. It bypasses the capillary bed.

A venous sinus is a venous space lined by endothelium. A venous sinus surrounding the brain exists which is called the dural sinus.

52
Q

What is a thoroughfare which is a an intermediate between an arteriole and capillary?

a. Metcapillary
b. Metartery
c. Metvenule
d. Metarteriole
e. None of the above

A

d. Metarteriole

a thoroughfare that can be considered an intermediate between an arteriole and capillary is a metarteriole.

53
Q

Which layer in an artery contains the endothelium?

a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

a. Tunica intima

The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel. It is lined by endothelium.

54
Q

What do you call the simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood vessels?

a. Epithelioid tissue
b. Mesothelium
c. Endothelium
d. Transitional
e. Pseudostratified

A

c. Endothelium

55
Q

In which of the following is a portal system NOT found?

a. Kidney
b. Liver
c. Muscle
d. Brain
e. None of the above is correct; a portal system is found in all of the above

A

c. Muscle

The normal flow of blood is as follows: artery - arteriole - capillary - post capillary venule -vein. However, exceptions to this pattern of blood flow exist.

The phenomenon when a vein is between two capillary beds is called a venous portal system. An example of this is the hepatic portal system. Another example of a venous portal system is seen in the brain between the hypothalamus and pituitary.

The phenomenon when an arteriole is between two capillary beds is called an arterial portal system. This is seen in the kidney.

56
Q

What is the brachial artery?

a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery

A

e. Muscular artery

Elastic arteries are the arteries leaving the heart and the major branches. The aorta is an elastic artery.

Most of the named arteries are muscular arteries (with the exception of the aorta and the major branches off the aorta).

57
Q

Which of the following is a distinct structure found specifically in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow?

a. Continuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus

A

c. Sinusoidal capillaries

Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) are wide leaky capillaries. They are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

58
Q

Which layer in an artery is primarily smooth muscle?

a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

b. Tunica media

59
Q

A pronounced internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane are distinguishing characteristics of which type of vessel?

a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery

A

e. Muscular artery

Elastic arteries also have an internal elastic membrane. However, there is so much elastic material in the tunica intima of an elastic artery, that a single, discrete internal elastic membrane is not visible.

60
Q

Which of the following constitutes the microvascular bed of a tissue?

a. Capillaries
b. Capillaries and arterioles
c. Capillaries, arterioles, and post capillary venules
d. Capillaries, arterioles, post capillary venules, and veins
e. Capillaries, arterioles, post capillary venules, veins, and arteries

A

c. Capillaries, arterioles, and post capillary venules

61
Q

What are wide, leaky capillaries called?

a. Continuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus

A

c. Sinusoidal capillaries

Found in liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

62
Q

What is a direct route between arteries and veins called?

a. Continuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus

A

d. AV anastomoses

(arteriosvenous anastomoses, or AV shunt)

AV anastomoses bypass the capillary bed.

63
Q

Which layer in an elastic artery is the thickest?

a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica albuginea
c. Tunica externa
d. Tunica vaculosa
e. Tunica media

A

e. Tunica media

64
Q

What are vasa vasorum?

a. Vasoactive material
b. Valves
c. Vasopressin secreting cells
d. Nerves
e. Blood vessels

A

e. Blood vessels

65
Q

Which structure has only a few layers of muscle in the tunica media?

a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Elastic artery
d. Muscular artery

A

b. Arteriole

66
Q

Which layer in a large vessel contains the nervi vascularis?

a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

c. Tunica externa

67
Q

What vessel regulates the amount of blood going into a capillary bed?

a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery

A

b. Arteriole

Arterioles are small branches of arteries with only one or two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media. Arterioles regulate the amount of blood going into the capillary bed.

68
Q

What is the aorta?

a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery

A

d. Elastic artery

69
Q

What are most of the named arteries in the body?

a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery

A

e. Muscular artery

70
Q

Which structure contains pores?

a. Continuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus

A

b. Fenestrated capillaries

A characteristic of fenestrated capillaries is the presence of pores or fenestrae.

71
Q

Which one of the following is a pluripotential cell that is prevalent around post capillary venules?

a. Fibroblast
b. Endothelial cell
c. Pericyte
d. Histiocyte
e. Macrophage

A

c. Pericyte

72
Q

Which layer in an artery is also called the tunica adventitia?

a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

c. Tunica externa

73
Q

Which layer in an artery is primarily connective tissue?

a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

c. Tunica externa

74
Q

What type of tissue lines blood vessels?

a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium

A

a. Simple squamous epithelium

The lining of a blood vessel is simple squamous epithelium. This lining is called endothelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple squamous epithelium is “simple” because it is one cell thick. “Squamous” refers to the fact that the cells are flat.

75
Q

In which of the following is a venous portal system found?

a. Kidney
b. Liver
c. Muscle
d. Skin
e. Stomach

A

b. Liver

The phenomenon when a vein is between two capillary beds is called a venous portal system. An example of this is the hepatic portal system. Another example of a venous portal system is seen in the brain between the hypothalamus and pituitary.

The phenomenon when an arteriole is between two capillary beds is called an arterial portal system. This is seen in the kidney.

76
Q

Which structure receives blood from the capillary bed?

a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery

A

c. Venule

77
Q

How many types of cartilage are there?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5

A

c. 3

There are three types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage.

78
Q

What do you call the space where a chondrocyte sits in?

a. Space of Disse
b. Space of Mall
c. Vacuole
d. Lacuna
e. Howship’s Lacuna

A

d. Lacuna

79
Q

Which type of cartilage is found in the walls of the eustachian tube?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

b. Elastic cartilage

80
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the skeleton of the faetus?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

a. Hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage forms the skeleton of the fetus. The cartilage forms a template of the bones. Endochondral ossification will occur during the childhood, replacing the hyaline cartilage with bone.

81
Q

What type of tissue makes up the “Adam’s apple”?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
d. Both a and b
e. Both a and c

A

a. Hyaline cartilage

82
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the intervertebral disc?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

c. Fibrocartilage

83
Q

Which type of cartilage is highly vascular?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

e. None of the above

84
Q

What cell produces the cartilaginous matrix?

a. Chondrocyte
b. Chondroblast
c. Osteocyte
d. Osteoclast
e. Bone lining cell

A

b. Chondroblast

85
Q

Which of the following is NOT a glycosaminoglycan in cartilage?

a. Chondroitin sulfate
b. Proteoglycans
c. Keratan sulfate
d. Hyaluronic acid
e. All of the above are glycosaminoglycans in cartilage

A

b. Proteoglycans

Proteoglycans are composed of a protein core and attached glycosaminoglycans.

Chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid are all glycosaminoglycans found in cartilage.

86
Q

Which type of cartilage is characterized by a glassy matrix?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

a. Hyaline cartilage

87
Q

Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes sitting in lacunae?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

d. All of the above

88
Q

Which type of cartilage is the most abundant?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. Hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage equally
e. Elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage equally

A

a. Hyaline cartilage

89
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the articular surface on bones?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

a. Hyaline cartilage

90
Q

Which type of cartilage is found in the external ear?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

b. Elastic cartilage

91
Q

Costal cartilage is composed of what type of cartilage?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

a. Hyaline cartilage

92
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the symphysis pubis?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

c. Fibrocartilage

93
Q

What structure is called white cartilage?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. Compact bone
e. Spongy bone

A

c. Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage is sometimes referred to as yellow cartilage. Fibrocartilage is sometimes referred to as white cartilage.

94
Q

Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of thick bundles of collagen fibres?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

c. Fibrocartilage

95
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epiglottis?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
d. Both a and b
e. Both a and c

A

c. Elastic cartilage

96
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the endocrine system?

a. Products secreted into blood
b. Glands with ducts
c. Secretes hormones
d. Non localized response
e. All of the following are characteristics of the endocrine system

A

b. Glands with ducts

97
Q

Which cell type are involved in the secretion thyroglobulin?

a. Principal cell
b. Oxyphil cell
c. Parafollicular cells
d. Follicular cells
e. Chromaffin cells

A

d. Follicular cells

There are two cell types in the thyroid: follicular cells and parafollicular cells. Follicular cells release and store thyroid hormone. Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland are also called C cells. They secrete calcitonin.

98
Q

Where is insulin secreted from?

a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Gamma cells
d. Delta cells
e. Acini

A

b. Beta cells

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostatin. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

99
Q

Which of the following is part of the adrenal gland?

a. Chromaffin cells
b. Zona reticularis
c. Zona glomerulosa
d. Zona fasciculata
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

The cells of the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells. They secrete the catecholamines (adrenaline/NA)

A mnemonic to remember the layers of the adrenal cortex and their respective products is “Go Find Rex; Make Good Sex” (glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) (mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, sex steroids).

100
Q

Which part the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoids?

a. Chromaffin cells
b. Zona reticularis
c. Zona glomerulosa
d. Zona fasciculata
e. None of the above

A

d. Zona fasciculata

Glomerulosa = Salt (mineral corticoids)

Fasciculata = Sugar (glucocorticoids)

Reticularis = Sex (Androgens)

Go Find Rex; Make Good Sex

101
Q

What type of hormone is insulin?

a. Protein
b. Peptide
c. Steroid
d. Catecholamine
e. None of the above

A

a. Protein

102
Q

What connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus?

a. Pars intermedia
b. Pars tuberalis
c. Infundibulum
d. Adenohypophysis
e. Neurohypophysis

A

c. Infundibulum

103
Q

Which gland secretes calcitonin?

a. Pancreas
b. Thyroid
c. Pineal gland
d. Adrenal gland (cortex)
e. Adrenal gland (medulla)

A

b. Thyroid

The thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin.

104
Q

Which cell type are also called C cells?

a. Principal cell
b. Oxyphil cell
c. Parafollicular cells
d. Follicular cells
e. Chromaffin cells

A

c. Parafollicular cells

105
Q

Where is glucagon secreted from?

a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Gamma cells
d. Delta cells
e. Acini

A

a. Alpha cells

106
Q

Which of the following is a component of the adrenal medulla?

a. Chromaffin cells
b. Zona reticularis
c. Zona glomerulosa
d. Zona fasciculata
e. All of the above

A

a. Chromaffin cells

107
Q

Where is pancreatic polypeptide secreted from?

a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Gamma cells
d. Delta cells
e. Acini

A

c. Gamma cells

Integrated Medical Sciences (51 decks)

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