L14 Urinary System

Question 1

Define these terms:
Excretion
Elimination
Homeostatic regulation

Answer 1

Excretion = Removal of waste from body fluids. Occurs in the nephrons of the kidney.

Elimination = storage of urine in the bladder and the discharge of waste products.

Homeostatic regulation = Blood plasma volume and pH, plasma ion conc, nutrient concervation, elimination of toxins

Question 2

Name the fibrous capsule that encases the kidney

Answer 2

Renal capsule

Question 3

What is the function of the renal capsule?

Answer 3

It prevents infection.

Question 4

Function of the adipose capsule:

Answer 4

It is a perinephric fatty mass which cushions the kidneys and aids attachment

Question 5

Name the outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

Answer 5

Renal fascia.

Question 6

What is the function of the renal fascia?

Answer 6

It anchors the kidney

Question 7

Function of the perirenal fat:

Answer 7

It is external to the renal fascia and provides protection to the kidneys

Question 8

Which structures enter at the hilum?

Answer 8

Renal artery, renal nerves

Question 9

Which structures exit the hilum?

Answer 9

Renal vein, ureter

Question 10

Name the granular superficial region of the kidney

Answer 10

Renal cortex. It extends into the medulla as renal columns

Question 11

List the characteristics of the renal medulla

Answer 11

There are 6-18 triangular pyramids separated by renal columns.

Question 12

What is located at the base of the renal pyramids?

Answer 12

Renal papillae. It opens into the minor calyx.

Question 13

Name the channel that passes urine towards the renal pelvis

Answer 13

Minor calyx

Question 14

List the types of nephrons and their locations

Answer 14

Cortical nephron: only just penetrates the medulla.

Juxtamedullary nephron: reaches deep into the medulla.

Question 15

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 15

It contains glomerulus (Bowman’s) capsule which are a network of fenestrated capillaries that filter the blood.

Question 16

What are podocytes?

Answer 16

Podocytes surround the Bowman’s capsule and adhere to the basal lamina

Question 17

Name the long passage that begins at the renal corpuscle

Answer 17

Renal tubule

Question 18

The percentrage of systemic cardiac output that flows through the kidneys is:

1) 18%
2) 23%
3) 25%

Answer 18

25%

Question 19

Which is the correct order?

1) Distal Convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop.
2) nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule, Distal Convoluted tubule
3) proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, Distal Convoluted tubule

Answer 19

3- proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, Distal Convoluted tubule.

Question 20

What types of epithelia are present in the renal tubule?

Answer 20

PCT = simple cuboidal
nephron loop = squamous then cuboidal
DCT = cuboidal

Question 21

Which section of the kidney empties urine into the common collecting duct?

Answer 21

Distal convoluted tubule= urine –> common collecting duct –> papillary duct –> renal papillae at the tip of the renal pyramid

Question 22

What is the pathway of urine?

Answer 22

From renal pelvis –> ureter –> oblique entrance of the urinary bladder

Question 23

How does urine travel from the ureters to the urinary bladder?

Answer 23

Peristalsis of the smooth muscles

Question 24

What are the characteristics of a tri-layered wall and where is it found?

Answer 24

The wall of the uereters:
Internal mucosa + transitional epithelium = urothelium.
Medial muscularis layer.
Fibrous external connective tissue = adventitia.

Question 25

What are the layers of the bladder?

Answer 25

Urothelium = transitional epithelial layer
Muscular layer = detrusor muscle
Adventitia

Question 26

The triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters and the urethra is known as the:

1) Triagone
2) Trigone
3) Trinone

Answer 26

Trigone.

Infections tend to persist in this region.

Question 27

List the characteristics of the urethra

Answer 27

Muscular tube: drains urine from the bladder out of the body.
Internal urethral sphincter: involuntary control at bladder-urethra junction.
External urethral sphincter: voluntary control. Passes through urogenital diaphragm. Controlled by levator ani muscle on the side of the pelvis.