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Integrated Medical Sciences > L23 Digestive System > Flashcards

L23 Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the alimentary tract of the digestive system?

A

The main path from mouth to anus - a muscular tube, lined internally by an epithelium. While the epithelial type varies along the length of the tract, the structure of the musculature remains similar throughout.

The functions of the alimentary tract are supported by accessory organs.

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2
Q

What accessory organs support the function of the digestive system?

A

Salivary glands: secretes enzymes and lubricants

Liver: secretes bile, stores nutrients

Gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile

Pancreas: secretes buffers, digestive enzymes and hormones

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3
Q

What is the major histology of the oral cavity?

A

Lined by stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Filiform, fungiform, circumvallate and foliate are all types of what?

A

Lingual papillae - they cover the surface of the tongue and are involved with taste

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5
Q

What type of tissue lines the oesophagus? Does it change?

A

Above the diaphragm it is lined by stratified squamous epithelium; this changes to columnar epithelium below the diaphragm.

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6
Q

The duodenum, jejunum and ileum are all parts of which organ?

A

The small intestine

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7
Q

The caecum, appendix, colon and rectum are all parts of which organ?

A

The large intestine

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8
Q

Define ‘fundus’.

A

the part of a hollow organ (such as the uterus or the gall bladder) that is furthest from the opening.

e. g.
- the upper part of the stomach, which forms a bulge above the level of the opening of the oesophagus (furthest from the pylorus).

  • the part of the eyeball opposite the pupil.
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9
Q

In the digestive system, which common layer is closest to the digestive lumen?

A

Mucosa

Mainly composed of columnar epithelial cells.

Lamina propria is loose connective tissue that provides vasculature and immunocompetency.

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10
Q

Describe the submucosa of the digestive tract.

A

2nd layer - made of connective tissue

Separates mucosa from muscle

Contains neural tissue - submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

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11
Q

Describe the muscularis externa of the digestive tract.

A

3rd layer, made of 2 layers of smooth muscle (inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer) that allows peristalsis.

Contains myenteric (Auerbach’s) nerve plexus.

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12
Q

Describe the serosa and adventitia of the digestive tract

A

Outermost layer(s), covers muscularis and delimits alimentary canal.

Serosa (visceral peritoneum) is outermost layer when it lies adjacent to peritoneal cavity - which is most of it.

Adventitia is outermost layer when connected to surrounding tissue.

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13
Q

Which parts of intestines have an outer serosa?

A

Majority of small and large intestine except part of duodenum and an area of the colon.

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14
Q

Where in the alimentary tract will you not find any serosa?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, and rectum.

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15
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

A double layer of visceral peritoneum that attaches organs to the abdominal wall.

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16
Q

The adventitia is made of what type of tissue?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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17
Q

What are the four anatomical regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, corpus (body), pylorus

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18
Q

What muscular layer forms part of the stomach mucosa?

A

Muscularis mucosae

19
Q

Muscularis externa of the stomach is made of which three layers?

A

Oblique, circular, longitudinal

20
Q

What are ‘rugae’?

A

Gastric folds (in the stomach) that are apparent when the stomach is empty but disappear when stomach is distended.

21
Q

What epithelium is found in the stomach?

A

Columnar

22
Q

Why does the gastric mucosa contain lots of glands?

A

Mucus is secreted to cover the stomach in order to protect it from stomach acid.

23
Q

Define zymogenic

A

Produces enzymes

24
Q

Where do you find gastric glands?

A

In cardia region of stomach.

These are heavily branched, mucus-producing glands.

25
Q

Where do you find principal glands?

A

In the corpus-fundic region of the stomach.

Various types:

  • Mucus neck cells
  • Chief cells (produce enzymes)
  • Parietal cells (produce acid)
  • Enteroendocrine cells (stimulate secretion in other cells)
26
Q

Pyloric glands

A
  • More coiled than principal glands
  • More endocrine cells
  • No chief cells
27
Q

What is the function of plicae in the muscosa of the small intestine?

A

Increase surface area x3

28
Q

Plicae increase the intestinal surface area by 3 times. How much do villi increase the surface area? What about microvilli?

A

Villi: x10
Microvilli: x20

29
Q

What are Crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Tubular glands in the mucosa of the small intestine.

Extend from base of villi, through lamina propria to muscularis mucosae.

Paneth cells at base secrete intestinal juice and control infection.

30
Q

Where are the cells found that regenerate the intestinal epithelia?

A

Undifferentiated stem cells at the base of Crypts of Lieberkuhn.

31
Q

Where do you find Brunner’s glands?

A

In the submucosa of the duodenum only.

They secrete mucus to protect the duodenal lumen

32
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorb water and inorganic salts

33
Q

What are the three main sections of the large intestine?

A
  • Caecum (inc. appendix)
  • Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
  • Rectum (inc. anal canal)
34
Q

True or false: The mucosa of the large intestine is covered in plicae and villi.

A

False.

The mucosa has a smooth surface.

35
Q

True or false: The mucosa of the large intestine contains Crypts of Lieberkuhn.

A

True.

They are longer here than in the small intestine.

36
Q

True or false: Goblet cells are more numerous in the large intestine than in the small intestine.

A

True.

37
Q

How many layers are found in the muscularis mucosae of the small and large intestines?

A

Two

38
Q

Does the large intestine have many or few endocrine cells?

A

Few.

39
Q

How does the histology of the anal canal change through its length?

A

Proximally (colorectal zone) it is simple columnar epithelium.

This changes to stratified columnar/cuboidal in the anal transitional zone.

At the distal end (squamous zone) it is stratified squamous.

40
Q

What are ‘haustra coli’?

A

Sacculations of the colon

41
Q

What are ‘taenia coli’

A

Three flattened strips of muscle that run along the large intestine.

42
Q

Where in the digestive tract would you find the ‘oblique layer’?

A

In the submucosa of the stomach

43
Q

Where in the digestive tract would you find bile and pancreatic ducts?

A

Duodenum

44
Q

Where in the digestive tract would you find Brunner’s glands?

A

Submucosa of the duodenum.

Integrated Medical Sciences (51 decks)

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