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PHSL 232 > L23 > Flashcards

L23 Flashcards

1
Q

what are Ergogenic aids

A

they increase athletic performance

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2
Q

athletic Performance can be improved by:

A
  • Increasing the physiological capacity of a particular body system
  • Increasing the speed of recovery
  • Decreasing the perception of fatigue or increasing motivation and aggression
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3
Q

Ergogenic aids have mechanical and chemical forms

what are some examples of mechanical aids

A

altitude training

nasal strips

compression garments

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4
Q

how is altitude training a Ergogenic aid

A

Having less O2 in the air when you train which causes hypoxia which signals to the kidneys to release EPO to increase RBC count

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5
Q

how are nasal strips a Ergogenic aid

A

Nasal strips you stick across your nose which open up your nasal capacity which supposedly helps you get more O2 in

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6
Q

how are compression garments ​a Ergogenic aid

A

Compression garment help with venous retern and helps control muscle damage that you get when exercising

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7
Q

what are some examples of pharmacological aids

A 
• Amphetamine
• Anabolic androgenic steroids
(AAS)
• Endogenous (natural) androgens
• Beta blocker
• Creatine monohydrate
• Caffeine
• Choline
• Carnitine
• Clenbuterol
• Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)
• Magnesium
• Protein supplements
• Nitrate supplements
• EPO
• Human growth hormone

ANY SUPPLEMENT

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8
Q

what is the most common performance enhancing drug

A

anabolic agents

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9
Q

why do athelats want to take anabolic agents

A

because they work and they want it fo the effect it has on the muscles and the bones

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10
Q

what are some permitted supplements

A

caffeine
nitrates
creatine
other supplements

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11
Q

what is an effective dosage of caffeine in sport

A

2-6 mg/Kg

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12
Q

what have sports studies shown about the use of caffeine

A

Studies show increases fat
metabolism over glycogen
metabolism in endurance
athletes

Not all studies show enhanced performance and if a regular coffee drinker then caffeine is limited in its effects

• No apparent adverse side
effects, diuretic at really large doses beyond that used for performance

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13
Q

what is one way that you can get nitrate into the body

A

beetroot juice

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14
Q

what is the appeal of nitrate

A

Increases blood flow to muscles therefore it s used for endurance exercise but also for recovery

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15
Q

what is the effect of drinking beetroot juice

A

Increases nitrate concentration (2-3 fold).

this leads to an increase in nitric oxide

need >500mg nitrate 75 min pre exercise to have improved running speed in low to moderately
trained athletes

dont really know about elite athleats

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16
Q

why is creatine one of the most widely used supplements

A

because of its efficacy and safety and strong evidence

17
Q

what is the appeal of creatine

A

Few days of high creatine intake (free creatine plus creatine phosphate) increase
skeletal muscle content by 20-30%

Increase performance in brief high intensity exercise

18
Q

we have creatine stores in the body the run out in 1 min of exercise

what does taking creatine as a supplement do

A

When you have more of it is thought you will be able to use PCr longer and recover faster in weight lifts

19
Q

what are some issues with sports supplements

A

No pre-market review for safety or efficacy

saying that there are sometime illegal substances that are not on the lable.
ASADA -as high as 19% and
>1000 products identified to contain stimulants, AAS, or pharmaceuticals
(>15 reports of sports supplements)

20
Q

what are some physiological aids in spot

A
  • Acupuncture
  • Blood doping

these cause change in the physiological system

21
Q

what are the issues with blood doping in sport

A

No direct detection method

the only way you can is to Monitor haematological values (haemocrit) over periods of time

22
Q

what are they typical levels of RBC in males and female

A

M = 40-50% of blood

F = 35-45%

23
Q

what does cobalt supplementation cause

A

Cobalt supplementation
– Stabilizes hypoxia inducible factor, high levels of HIF Mimics hypoxia which will cause the body to adapt to increase O2 carrying capacity (create more RBC)

24
Q

what is cobalt supplementation bad

A

– Potential carcinogenic effects

25
Q

can we test for cobalt supplementation

A

– Early tests are now available (last year or so)

26
Q

why is EPO so hard to test for

A

because it is produced by the body

there is a very small window of opportunity for testing (2-3 days after it is injected)

people also microdose which is where they give small amount often which makes it even harder to detect

27
Q

how does EPO work

A

It works as it is released by the kidney enters the circulation and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes and RBC

28
Q

what is EPOs effect on hematocrit

A

it increases it so much that the blood gets so thick, which slows the HR and then they go to sleep and then die

or the blood can clot and they will have a stroke

29
Q

how do they track EPO use in sport now

A

with a biological passport

30
Q

describe a biological passport

A

it is about reticulocytes (which increase because of EPO)

they calculate the upper and lower limits of reticulocytes from the population epidemiology and from the athletes own personal data

they then monitor the athletes reticulocytes levels and if it goes outside those limits it is indicative of doping or a health issue

31
Q

how did lance armstrong get caught

A

by looking at his biological passport of reticulocytes and Hb

He did a 21 day race, when you are doing this kind of excerise you would expect to lose RBC count as they get damaged, then you would expect to see an increase in reticulocytes and then RBC increase

This did not happen with lance as his reticular cytes stayed low but his RBC count shot up

32
Q

what is a reticulocytes

A

BC are made from reticulocytes therefore

immature RBC = reticulocytes

mature = Hb

PHSL 232 (30 decks)

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