L23 Flashcards
what are Ergogenic aids
they increase athletic performance
athletic Performance can be improved by:
- Increasing the physiological capacity of a particular body system
- Increasing the speed of recovery
- Decreasing the perception of fatigue or increasing motivation and aggression
Ergogenic aids have mechanical and chemical forms
what are some examples of mechanical aids
altitude training
nasal strips
compression garments
how is altitude training a Ergogenic aid
Having less O2 in the air when you train which causes hypoxia which signals to the kidneys to release EPO to increase RBC count
how are nasal strips a Ergogenic aid
Nasal strips you stick across your nose which open up your nasal capacity which supposedly helps you get more O2 in
how are compression garments a Ergogenic aid
Compression garment help with venous retern and helps control muscle damage that you get when exercising
what are some examples of pharmacological aids
• Amphetamine • Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) • Endogenous (natural) androgens • Beta blocker • Creatine monohydrate • Caffeine • Choline • Carnitine • Clenbuterol • Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) • Magnesium • Protein supplements • Nitrate supplements • EPO • Human growth hormone
ANY SUPPLEMENT
what is the most common performance enhancing drug
anabolic agents
why do athelats want to take anabolic agents
because they work and they want it fo the effect it has on the muscles and the bones
what are some permitted supplements
caffeine
nitrates
creatine
other supplements
what is an effective dosage of caffeine in sport
2-6 mg/Kg
what have sports studies shown about the use of caffeine
Studies show increases fat
metabolism over glycogen
metabolism in endurance
athletes
Not all studies show enhanced performance and if a regular coffee drinker then caffeine is limited in its effects
• No apparent adverse side
effects, diuretic at really large doses beyond that used for performance
what is one way that you can get nitrate into the body
beetroot juice
what is the appeal of nitrate
Increases blood flow to muscles therefore it s used for endurance exercise but also for recovery
what is the effect of drinking beetroot juice
Increases nitrate concentration (2-3 fold).
this leads to an increase in nitric oxide
need >500mg nitrate 75 min pre exercise to have improved running speed in low to moderately
trained athletes
dont really know about elite athleats
why is creatine one of the most widely used supplements
because of its efficacy and safety and strong evidence
what is the appeal of creatine
Few days of high creatine intake (free creatine plus creatine phosphate) increase
skeletal muscle content by 20-30%
Increase performance in brief high intensity exercise
we have creatine stores in the body the run out in 1 min of exercise
what does taking creatine as a supplement do
When you have more of it is thought you will be able to use PCr longer and recover faster in weight lifts
what are some issues with sports supplements
No pre-market review for safety or efficacy
saying that there are sometime illegal substances that are not on the lable.
ASADA -as high as 19% and
>1000 products identified to contain stimulants, AAS, or pharmaceuticals
(>15 reports of sports supplements)
what are some physiological aids in spot
- Acupuncture
- Blood doping
these cause change in the physiological system
what are the issues with blood doping in sport
No direct detection method
the only way you can is to Monitor haematological values (haemocrit) over periods of time
what are they typical levels of RBC in males and female
M = 40-50% of blood
F = 35-45%
what does cobalt supplementation cause
Cobalt supplementation
– Stabilizes hypoxia inducible factor, high levels of HIF Mimics hypoxia which will cause the body to adapt to increase O2 carrying capacity (create more RBC)
what is cobalt supplementation bad
– Potential carcinogenic effects
can we test for cobalt supplementation
– Early tests are now available (last year or so)
why is EPO so hard to test for
because it is produced by the body
there is a very small window of opportunity for testing (2-3 days after it is injected)
people also microdose which is where they give small amount often which makes it even harder to detect
how does EPO work
It works as it is released by the kidney enters the circulation and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes and RBC
what is EPOs effect on hematocrit
it increases it so much that the blood gets so thick, which slows the HR and then they go to sleep and then die
or the blood can clot and they will have a stroke
how do they track EPO use in sport now
with a biological passport
describe a biological passport
it is about reticulocytes (which increase because of EPO)
they calculate the upper and lower limits of reticulocytes from the population epidemiology and from the athletes own personal data
they then monitor the athletes reticulocytes levels and if it goes outside those limits it is indicative of doping or a health issue
how did lance armstrong get caught
by looking at his biological passport of reticulocytes and Hb
He did a 21 day race, when you are doing this kind of excerise you would expect to lose RBC count as they get damaged, then you would expect to see an increase in reticulocytes and then RBC increase
This did not happen with lance as his reticular cytes stayed low but his RBC count shot up
what is a reticulocytes
BC are made from reticulocytes therefore
immature RBC = reticulocytes
mature = Hb
