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PHSL 232 > L13 (respiratory) > Flashcards

L13 (respiratory) Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration

A

Respiration is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the tissues and the environment

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2
Q

what 4 processes are involved in respiration

A

External - Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and blood flowing through the lungs

Transport of gases by the blood

Internal - Gas exchange between capillaries and tissues
-> cellular respiration

Overall regulation of respiratory function (you don’t have to think about breathing)

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3
Q

what is ventilation

A

the process of moving air into and out of the lungs

it supplies O2 and removes CO2 from the alveoli

this is bulk flow

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4
Q

what is gas exchange

(air to blood i.e. into body).

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 across alveolar membrane

this is a process of diffusion therefore this process is all about the pressure gradient

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5
Q

what is gas transport

A

Gas transport: Deliver O2 from lungs to tissues and and transport CO2
produced by metabolism to lungs. (Cardiorespiratory)

this is bulk flow

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6
Q

explain gas exchange once the O2 has gotten into the blood

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the capillaries and
the cells

this is a process of diffusion

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7
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

Cells use O2 and produce CO2

this is a process of metabilisum

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8
Q

what are some of the functions of the respiratory system

A

Provide oxygen

Eliminate carbon dioxide

Filters, warms and humidifies the air we breathe

Communication (vocal cord and larynx)

Sense of smell

Regulate the pH of the blood, in association with the kidneys (CO2 produces carbonic acid)

Defend against microbes

Temperature regulation

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9
Q

what is the most important function of the respiratory system

A

The most important function is to bring in O2 and remove CO2 but this is not the only function

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10
Q

it high altitules is there an increase or decrease in partial pressure

what does this mean for the respiratory system

A

there is a decrease in pressure which means that the respiratory system needs to be highly adaptable

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11
Q

what is the anatomical start of the respiratory system

A

the start is the nasal cavity (pharynx)

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12
Q

what structure does the larynx contain and what is its role

A

the epiglottis which stops food from getting into the lungs

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13
Q

what is an extra feature that the trachea has that the larynx and pharynx don’t

A

cartilaginous rings to keep the airways open

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14
Q

what does the trachea branch into

A

bronki and then into bronchioles

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15
Q

what happens to the cartilaginous rings as the trachea branches

A

they become smaller bits of cartilage until they are no longer there (at the alveolar sacs)

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16
Q

what is the site of gas exchange in the lungs

why

A

alveolar sacs

These structures are surrounded by many capillaries. The alveoli and the sacc have a very thin membrane separating them

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17
Q

is the lung directly attached to tendons or muscles

A

no

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18
Q

what happens as the diaphragm contracts

A

it moves down increasing the vertical diameter in the thoracic cavity causing the lung to expand

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19
Q

when you are exercising diaphragm contraction is not enough. what other muscles are recruited during this time for insperation

A

the external intercostal muscles

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20
Q

how do the external intercostal muscles cause the lungs to expand

A

These contract the chest wall rises up increasing the anterior posterior diameter giving enough space for the lungs to expand more to get more O2 into the lungs

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21
Q

what muscles are recruited for expiration in a healthy individual at rest

A

Expiration is a passive process therefore it doesn’t require any energy in a healthy individual at rest

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22
Q

what is the diaphragm shape at rest

A

dome shaped

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23
Q

what muscles would be required for forced expiration

A

The internal intercostal muscles contract to bring the ribs down during exercise and sometimes the external oblique which is in the stomach

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24
Q

what is the role if the steroid muscle in the neck and the Pectoralis minor

A

increase the anterior posterior diameter to increase inspiration

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25
Q

describe the process of passive breathing

A

Inspiration caused by diaphragm contraction

Expiration caused by lung elastic recoil pulling
thorax and relaxed diaphragm inwards. No
muscle contraction, therefore “passive”

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26
Q

describe the process of deeper breathing

eg walking up a steep street

A

Inspiration – diaphragm and external intercostal muscle contraction

Expiration – lung elastic recoil and internal intercostal muscle contraction

27
Q

describe the process of very deep forceful breathing

working out

A

Inspiration – diaphragm and external intercostal muscle contraction plus contraction of sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor muscles

Expiration – lung elastic recoil and internal intercostal muscle contraction plus abdominal muscle
contraction

28
Q

what nerves play a role in respiration

A

phrenic nerve

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

dont damage the medulla

29
Q

what are the pleura

A

The Pleurae form an envelope between the lungs & chest wall

30
Q

what is the parietal pleura

A

outer layer of the pleura - lines inside of chest wall &

diaphragm

31
Q

what is the visceral pleura

A

directly on lung - lines outside of lungs

32
Q

in between the 2 pleural layers there is a membrane. what does this create

A

the pleural cavity

33
Q

what is found in the pleural cavity

A

a minimal amount of pleural fluid

34
Q

what is the role of the pleural fluid

A

it causes the pleural cavity to stick to the chest wall and the lungs therefore as the chest wall expands so do the lungs

35
Q

what is the definition of the pleural cavity

A

Pleural cavity – slit-like potential space filled with pleural fluid

Both the pleural surfaces slide, but separation from each
other is resisted (like film between 2 plates of glass)

Lungs cling to thoracic wall and are forced to expand and
recoil as volume of thoracic cavity changes during breathing

36
Q

what is ventilation

A

Defined as the exchange of air between the atmosphere

and alveoli

37
Q

how does air move

A

Air moves by bulk from the region of high pressure to low

pressure

38
Q

what is bulk flow proportional (and inversely proportional) to

A 
Bulk flow (F) is proportional to pressure difference (∆P) between two points and inversely proportional to the
resistance (R).
39
Q

what is the equation for bulk flow

A

F = dP/R

(R= resistance)

dP = alveolar pressure - atmospheric pressure

40
Q

what is Atmospheric pressure (Patm) or barometric pressure (Pb)

A

partial pressure outside the lungs

41
Q

what is alveolar pressure (Palv or PA)

A

pressure inside the alveoli

42
Q

what is intra pleural pressure (Pip or Ppl)

A

Pressure between the 2 layers of pleura

43
Q 
what is transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) or
Lung pressure (PL)
A

The difference between the pressure inside and outside of the lung

this is the pressure that needs to overcome the elastic recoil of the lungs to stop them from collapsing

44
Q

All pressures in the respiratory system, as in CVS, are given relative to what

A

All pressures in the respiratory system, as in CVS, are given relative to atmospheric pressure – 760mmHg

45
Q

what is the pressure at the end of each breath

A

0 because there is no air flow therefore there is no difference in pressures

46
Q

during ventilation why do we need a pressure graident

A

because air flows from high to low therefore to move air we need a pressure graident

47
Q

how do you change the pressure greident in the lungs

A

by changing lung volumes

As you reduce the volume then the gas moves faster creating more pressure

When you take a breath in the lung volume increases therefore the pressure drops. This is the opposite when you breath out

48
Q

what is boyle’s law

A

At constant temperature, the volume of a gas varies inversely with absolute pressure.

49
Q

what are the 2 determinants for lung volume

A

Difference in the pressure between the inside and outside
of the lung (transpulmonary pressure (Ptp or PL ))

Stretchability of the lungs (compliance) – how much the
lungs expand for a given change in Ptp

50
Q

what governs that static property of the lungs

A

Transmural pressure

51
Q

how do you calculate the transmural pressure

A

Pressure inside the lung = pressure inside the alveoli (Palv)

Pressure outside the lung = pressure of the intrapleural fluid
surrounding the lung (Pip)

threfore
Ptp = Palv - Pip

52
Q

what does the lung require to expand its volume

A

+ive transpulmonary pressure

53
Q

when the lung is at its smallest size what is transpulmonary pressure = to

A

0

54
Q

what is capacity

A

the total amount of air we can shift in and out of the lungs

55
Q

what is fibrosis

A

Fibrosis is when the lung become thick therefore the lung has to work harder to expand

56
Q

what is emphysema

A

emphysema is when lung becomes flaccid so easy to expand but hard to collapse

57
Q

what pressures are = when there is no airflow

A

alveolar and atmospheric pressure

58
Q

Lung has the tendency to recoil
inwards and chest wall tends to expand outwards (they pull away each other)

how do these things stay in ballance

A

the pleural cavity ballantines these by creating a vacuum

this means that the intrapleural pressure (Pip) is always -ive (vacuum) so that transpulmonary pressure is always positive

59
Q

Lung has the tendency to recoil
inwards and chest wall tends to expand outwards (they pull away each other)

how do these things stay in ballance

A

the pleural cavity ballantines these by creating a vacuum

this means that the intrapleural pressure (Pip) is always -ive (vacuum) so that transpulmonary pressure is always positive

60
Q

what happens if the balance in transpulmonary pressure is losted

A

Any damage to the visceral pleura or parietal pleura when it changes the balance between the pleural cavity

When this balance is lost then the lung starts to collabs (pneumothorax)

61
Q

what is pneumothorax

A

a collapsed lung meaning that there is air in the pleural cavity

62
Q

what is a pleural effusion

A

when you have fluid in the pleural cavity

63
Q

Which ONE of the following is the key for achieving stable
balance between the breaths?

A. Transpulmonary pressure should always be positive

B. Intrapleural pressure should become positive at the end of inspiration

C. Intrapleural pressure should become positive at the end of expiration

D. Alveoli should expand in size to its maximum during
inspiration

E. Chest wall should maintain its elastic recoiling in between the breath

A

A

PHSL 232 (30 decks)

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