L1

Question 1

name the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

arteries 
arterioles
capillaries 
venules 
veins

Question 2

how many liters of blood in the body

Answer 2

4-6L

Question 3

what are the 3 reasons why we need the cardiovascular system

Answer 3

1. To provide adequate supply of O2 and nutrients
2. To remove unwanted metabolic waste (CO2 and H+)
3. To transport substances and heat

Question 4

why are the 3 roles of the cardiovascular system important for survival

Answer 4

because diffusion is slow

Our body has to do these things all the time but if we did it jest by diffusion it would be too slow as there is too large a distance for everything to diffuse across.

note: That is why very small things often don’t have a circulatory system but large animals always do

Question 5

what is the difference between the micro and macroscale of the cardiovascular system (CVS)

Answer 5

micro = diffusion across short distances. this happens in the capillaries in the lungs and vessels

macro = bulk flow over long distances around the body

Question 6

what are the 3 things that micro and macroscale of the CVS allow for

Answer 6

1. Quick delivery to the capillaries
2. Optimill exchange
3. Quick return to the lungs

Question 7

very basically describe the structure of the heart

Answer 7

outermost layer is the pericardium which is a membranous sac

then there is the myocardium which is the cardiac muscle

then there is the arteria and the ventricles (the ventricles walls are thicker)

the left ventricle is thicker than the right

there are fibrocartilage rings which are known as the valves which control direction and flow of the blood through the heart

Question 8

what are the different valve names in the heart

Answer 8

the atrioventricular valves are the bicuspid/mitral (left heart) and the tricuspid valve (right heart)

the semilunar valves are the aortic (left) and pulmonary (right) valve

Question 9

describe the process in which the valves open

Answer 9

the opening and closing of the valves is a passive pressure dependent process. the valves can only open one way as they are what allow for unidirectional flow, therefore when pressure is high on one side they will open, but when it is higher on the other they will close

Question 10

We need a CVS to….

A) remove metabolic by-products, such as H+

B) ensure adequate supply of CO2 and nurturance to the organs

C) transport of heat

D) answers A and C are correct

Answer 10

D

Question 11

what are intercalated discs

Answer 11

they are what connect each cardiac muscle sell to each other so that the many cells are able to act as one.

this is where gap junctions are located for ion transport and electrical coupling

Question 12

what are the physiological factors of the CVS

Answer 12

CO (heart rate x SV)

peripheral resistance

Question 13

what are the physical factors of the CVS

Answer 13

arterial blood volume

arterial compliance

Question 14

what does mean arterial pressure (MAP) show

Answer 14

how difficult it is to move blood around your body

Question 15

what is CO

Answer 15

CO is the volume of blood ejected by EITHER ventricle in 1 minute

the amount of blood leaving your heart every minute

Question 16

how do you calculate MAP

Answer 16

MAP (mmHg) = CO (L min-1) x TPR (mmHg / L / min)

pressure = flow x resistance

Question 17

what is the equation for CO

Answer 17

CO (L.min-1) = SV (L.beat-1) x HR (BPM)

Question 18

what is SV

Answer 18

stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected from either ventraical

Question 19

why do we need CO to increase during excersize

Answer 19

This is because you body is metabolizing so quickly that it needs nurturance fast and to get rid of waste products fast

Question 20

what is Poiseuille’s law

Answer 20

vessels in a series or parallel determine total peripheral vascular resistance

R = 8nl / 3.14.r^4

Question 21

what is pressure = to

Answer 21

P = QR

flow x resistance

Question 22

why is the radius the most important for determining TPR

Answer 22

because it is the only thing that can be changed physiologically

therefore r^4 is the most important determinant

Question 23

describe the pressure in the ventricles

Answer 23

it is very pulsatile from about 5mmHg to max (120 or 250)

Question 24

describe the pressure in the arteries

Answer 24

it is again very pulsatile frome diastolic to systolic. the pressure ranges from 60 mmHg to max

not that policitility has dropped a little

Question 25

describe the pressure in the arterioles

Answer 25

this is where the pulicitile pressure dissipates and from then on the blood is at a constant diffusent pressure

Question 26

describe the pressure in the capillaries, venules and veins

Answer 26

low pressure and non pulsatile

Question 27

explain elastic reservoir

Answer 27

can also be called windkessel or air chamber

it is the intermittent injection of blood into the aorta from the left ventricle

large arteries are distensible meaning that they stretch and recoil to dampen the pulsatility which keep capillary flow constant during the cardiac cycle

Question 28

how do arterioles/arteries dappen out the pulsatile nature

Answer 28

because of their elastic nature. when the walls are stretched they are storing energy which is release’s when the walls are relaxed again