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Micro Winter Exam 2 > L21: Tularemia, Brucellosis, Bartonellosis > Flashcards

L21: Tularemia, Brucellosis, Bartonellosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans

Examples include Tularemia, Brucellosis, and Bartonellosis.

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2
Q

What is Tularemia commonly known as?

A

Deer Fly Fever or Rabbit Fever

Caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.

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3
Q

What type of pathogen is Francisella tularensis?

A

Fastidious, gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus

It is also a facultative intracellular pathogen.

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4
Q

What is the LD50 of Francisella tularensis?

A

1 bacillus

Indicates high virulence.

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5
Q

What are common routes of infection for Tularemia?

A
  • Arthropod bite
  • Small mammal bite
  • Direct animal contact
  • Inhalation
  • Ingestion of contaminated water or poorly cooked meat

Rarely, person-to-person transmission occurs.

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6
Q

What are potential hosts for Francisella tularensis?

A
  • Rabbits
  • Squirrels
  • Muskrats

Vectors include ticks and deer flies.

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7
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Ulceroglandular Tularemia?

A
  • Painful papule
  • Ulceration at inoculation site
  • Regional lymphadenopathy
  • Abrupt onset of fever, chills, malaise, myalgia

Can lead to multi-organ dissemination, abscess, and granuloma formation.

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8
Q

What is the mortality rate for the pneumonic form of Tularemia?

A

30%+

Occurs in 10-15% of cases.

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9
Q

What is the drug of choice for treating Tularemia?

A

Streptomycin

Alternative treatments include gentamicin, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol.

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10
Q

What are common risk factors for Brucellosis?

A
  • Consumption of unpasteurized milk products
  • Contact with infected animals
  • Occupational exposure (veterinarians, farmers)

Immunization of animals can reduce human risk.

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11
Q

What are the four important species of Brucella that affect humans?

A
  • B. melitensis (sheep and goats)
  • B. abortus (cattle)
  • B. canis (dogs)
  • B. suis (swine)

Each has different reservoir hosts.

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12
Q

What are the key characteristics of Brucella spp.?

A
  • Fastidious, gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus
  • Facultative intracellular pathogen
  • Obligate aerobe, some require additional CO2

Inhibits phagolysosome fusion and survives within endosomes.

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13
Q

What is the main clinical presentation of Brucellosis?

A
  • Undulating fever
  • GI symptoms
  • Bone pain
  • Respiratory symptoms

Symptoms can last months to years.

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14
Q

What are the five important species of Bartonella in human health?

A
  • B. quintana: trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis
  • B. henselae: cat-scratch disease
  • B. bacilliformis: bartonellosis, Oroya fever, Verruga
  • B. elizabethae: endocarditis (rare)
  • B. clarridgeiae: endocarditis (rare)

Different species have distinct disease associations.

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15
Q

What is the primary vector for B. henselae?

A

Cat flea

B. quintana is transmitted by body louse.

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16
Q

What is a common transmission route for Bartonella spp.?

A

Arthropod bite or cat scratch/bite

Risk factors include immune disorders and poor hygiene.

17
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation of Cat Scratch Disease?

A

Papule or pustule develops at the inoculation site within 2 weeks

Often benign in children.

18
Q

What is the treatment regimen for Brucellosis?

A

Doxycycline + rifampin/gentamicin

Treatment duration is approximately 6+ weeks.

19
Q

Fill in the blank: The drug of choice for treating Tularemia is _______.

A

streptomycin

20
Q

True or False: Brucellosis is endemic only in the United States.

A

False

Brucella spp. have a worldwide distribution.

21
Q

What is the primary clinical presentation of B. henselae?

A

Regional lymphadenopathy within 3 days to 2 months

Up to 50% of cases may present with mild fever and malaise.

22
Q

What is the common transmission method of B. quintana?

A

Transmission by body louse feces

B. quintana was first described during WWI as trench fever.

23
Q

What are the key symptoms of Oroya fever caused by B. bacilliformis?

A

Biphasic: acute phase with severe headache and fever; chronic phase with verruga peruana

The bacteria are transmitted by sand fly bites.

24
Q

What is the treatment for cat scratch disease caused by B. henselae?

A

Azithromycin

Treatment may vary based on the severity of the disease.

25
Q

Fill in the blank: B. henselae typically causes _______ at the inoculation site.

A

papule or pustule

26
Q

True or False: Systemic disease is common in cases of B. henselae infection.

A

False

Systemic disease is uncommon.

27
Q

What are the risk factors associated with tularemia?

A
  • Exposure to rodents
  • Mowing

Tularemia is more severe in strains found in the Northern Hemispheres.

28
Q

What are the common reservoir hosts for brucellosis?

A
  • Sheep
  • Cattle

Brucellosis is a global disease with significant prevalence in Yellowstone National Park.

29
Q

What is the geographic range of Bartonellosis?

A

Global, with some species more limited

B. henselae is notably associated with cats.

30
Q

What is the treatment for Bartonella angiomatosis?

A

Macrolides, doxycycline, +/- rifampin in serious disease

Treatment may depend on the severity of the condition.

31
Q

What are the common clinical findings in a patient with B. henselae infection?

A
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Ulcerations
  • Hemolytic anemia
32
Q

What distinguishes the clinical presentation of tularemia from brucellosis?

A

Tularemia may present with enlarged lymph nodes and ulcerations, while brucellosis presents with abscesses and undulating fever

Both diseases can lead to systemic manifestations.

33
Q

What is the common method of prevention for tularemia?

A

Avoiding rodent exposure and insect control

Preventative measures are crucial in reducing incidence.

34
Q

What are the diagnostic challenges in identifying Brucella infections?

A

Cultures are rarely positive and often require lengthy incubation

Serologic tests like IFA are commonly employed.

35
Q

Fill in the blank: The most common treatment for brucellosis includes _______.

A

Doxycycline

36
Q

What is a key characteristic of the clinical presentation of B. quintana?

A

Severe headache, sudden onset fever, weakness, rash, pain in long bones

This presentation is part of the relapsing fever syndrome.

37
Q

What are the common clinical findings in a 75y/o female patient with suspected Bartonella infection?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Leg edema
  • Pancytopenia on CBC
38
Q

What is the treatment for B. bacilliformis?

A

Doxycycline or chloramphenicol

Treatment may vary based on the clinical scenario.

Micro Winter Exam 2 (12 decks)

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