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Micro Winter Exam 2 > L20: Eye Infections > Flashcards

L20: Eye Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

Infection of the eyelids

Blepharitis can be anterior or posterior and may present as acute or chronic.

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2
Q

What is dacryocystitis?

A

Infection of the lacrimal sac

Dacryocystitis can cause localized inflammation near the nasal corner of the eye.

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3
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Infection of the conjunctiva

Conjunctivitis is commonly caused by viruses or bacteria and is often highly contagious.

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4
Q

What is keratitis?

A

Infection of the cornea

Keratitis can result from various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

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5
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

Infection within the vitreous or aqueous humor

Endophthalmitis is a serious condition that can lead to vision loss.

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6
Q

What is uveitis?

A

Infection of the uveal tract

Uveitis can be associated with systemic diseases and may lead to severe complications.

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7
Q

List the common causes of blepharitis.

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • HSV
  • VZV
  • Demodex mites

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of blepharitis.

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8
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of blepharitis?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Burning around eyelid margins
  • Tearing
  • Gritty sensation
  • Crusting/matted eyelashes

Symptoms can vary based on the type of blepharitis (anterior vs. posterior).

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9
Q

What complications can arise from blepharitis?

A
  • Hordeolum (stye)
  • Periorbital cellulitis
  • Orbital cellulitis

Hordeolum is a localized infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid.

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of dacryocystitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Other causes can include Streptococcus and E. coli.

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11
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of dacryocystitis?

A
  • Pain
  • Tearing
  • Localized inflammation near the nasal corner of the eye

Symptoms can have acute or chronic presentations.

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12
Q

What is the treatment for acute dacryocystitis?

A
  • Antibiotics (oral or IV)
  • Warm compresses
  • Surgery may be needed if chronic

Treatment depends on the severity and extent of the infection.

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13
Q

What are the common clinical manifestations of conjunctivitis?

A
  • Red eyes
  • Watery or thick/purulent discharge
  • Mild irritation or absence of eye pain

Conjunctivitis can be infectious or non-infectious.

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus

Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious and often begins in one eye.

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15
Q

What are the typical signs of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults?

A
  • Hyperemia
  • Purulent discharge
  • Mild eyelid edema

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause in adults.

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16
Q

What is gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

Conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

It can present with hyperacute onset and is often unilateral in adults.

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17
Q

True or False: Eye infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

A

True

Bacterial and viral infections are the most common types.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is an infection of the cornea.

A

[keratitis]

Keratitis can lead to serious complications if untreated.

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19
Q

What are the treatment options for viral conjunctivitis?

A
  • Cool compresses
  • Non-antibiotic lubricating agents
  • Antivirals if caused by HSV or VZV

Supportive care is typically the mainstay of treatment.

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20
Q

What is autoinoculation in the context of conjunctivitis?

A

Transfer of infection from genitals to eyes

This typically occurs in adults.

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21
Q

What is neonatal conjunctivitis also known as?

A

Ophthalmia neonatorum

It is associated with vaginal delivery.

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22
Q

What are the typical signs/symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

Rapid onset, often unilateral in adults; bilateral in neonates

Symptoms include hyperemia, profuse purulent discharge, eyelid edema, and chemosis.

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23
Q

What are potential complications of conjunctivitis?

A

Corneal clouding, ulceration, abscess, perforation, endophthalmitis, blindness

These complications can arise from untreated conjunctivitis.

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24
Q

Which organism causes gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

This is a type of bacterial conjunctivitis.

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25
Q

What type of organism is Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

Obligate intracellular organism

It resides within epithelial cells.

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26
Q

What are the subtypes of Chlamydia trachomatis that cause adult inclusion conjunctivitis?

A

Subtypes D-K

These can cause autoinoculation from genitals to eyes.

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27
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Watery or mucopurulent discharge, hyperemia, chemosis

Rapid onset is also a characteristic.

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28
Q

What is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide?

A

Trachoma

Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis subtypes A-C.

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29
Q

What are the two phases of trachoma progression?

A

Active (early) phase and Cicatricial (late) phase

The active phase includes TF and TI stages; TI is the most infectious.

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30
Q

What is the primary method for diagnosing bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Clinical presentation and history

Gram or Giemsa staining and culture of conjunctival swabs may also be used.

31
Q

What are the primary treatments for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Antibiotics: topical for acute; oral for gonococcal or chlamydial

Prophylactic topical erythromycin is given at birth to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum.

32
Q

What is keratitis?

A

Inflammatory lesion of the cornea

It can lead to blindness due to scarring or perforation.

33
Q

What are the main predisposing factors for keratitis?

A

Prolonged contact lens use, trauma, surgical procedures

Contaminated eye solutions and systemic diseases like diabetes also contribute.

34
Q

What is the most common cause of infectious keratitis?

A

Bacteria and viruses

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common bacterial causes.

35
Q

What is the characteristic lesion in HSV epithelial keratitis?

A

Dendritic ulcer

These lesions have terminal bulbs and stain positively with fluorescein.

36
Q

What distinguishes VZV pseudodendrites from HSV dendrites?

A

VZV pseudodendrites are smaller, elevated, and lack terminal bulbs

They do not have central ulceration and stain mildly with fluorescein.

37
Q

What is the primary risk factor for fungal keratitis?

A

Eye trauma, especially with plant or soil matter

This is particularly relevant for filamentous fungi such as Fusarium solani and Aspergillus fumigatus.

38
Q

What are common complications of fungal keratitis?

A

Corneal perforation, endophthalmitis, vision loss/blindness

These complications arise from untreated fungal infections.

39
Q

What is fungal keratitis?

A

An infection of the cornea caused by fungi, leading to potential vision loss or blindness

Common agents include Fusarium and Aspergillus.

40
Q

How is fungal keratitis diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis involves clinical presentation, history, staining, and culture of corneal scrapings

Specific findings may include yeast and pseudohyphae for Candida.

41
Q

What are the treatment options for fungal keratitis?

A

Treatment includes topical antifungals and possibly oral antifungals

Corneal surgery may be necessary in severe cases.

42
Q

What is Acanthamoeba keratitis?

A

A rare infection of the cornea associated with contact lens wear, caused by Acanthamoeba protozoans

It can lead to severe pain and complications such as corneal perforation.

43
Q

What are the primary risk factors for Acanthamoeba keratitis?

A

Improper contact lens cleaning and swimming while wearing contact lenses

The infection is often seen in contact lens wearers.

44
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Acanthamoeba keratitis?

A

Severe pain, corneal opacity, and ring-shaped stromal infiltrates

Early stages may show pseudodendritic lesions.

45
Q

How is Acanthamoeba keratitis diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis involves clinical history, staining of corneal scrapings, and PCR if needed

Early detection is critical for effective treatment.

46
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

A purulent inflammation of the intraocular fluids, often due to infection

Can be exogenous (from outside the body) or endogenous (from a distant site).

47
Q

What are the common causes of endophthalmitis?

A

Bacteria and fungi, with common bacterial agents including Gram-negatives and Staphylococcus aureus

Candida is responsible for 75-80% of fungal cases.

48
Q

What are the symptoms of endophthalmitis?

A

Eye pain, conjunctival hyperemia, inflammation, and reduced vision

A hypopyon may also be present in the aqueous humor.

49
Q

What is the most common infectious cause of posterior uveitis in immunocompromised patients?

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

It is considered an AIDS-defining infectious disease.

50
Q

What are the symptoms of anterior uveitis?

A

Eye pain, red eyes, photophobia, and blurred vision

Detection of keratic precipitates can aid in diagnosis.

51
Q

What is Toxoplasma gondii?

A

A protozoan parasite that is the most common cause of posterior uveitis in immunocompetent patients

It can be transmitted through undercooked meat, contaminated water, or cat feces.

52
Q

What are the stages of Toxoplasma gondii infection?

A

Sporozoites, tachyzoites, and bradyzoites

Tachyzoites are associated with active disease, while bradyzoites form tissue cysts.

53
Q

What are the complications of Toxoplasma uveitis?

A

Glaucoma, cataract, cystoid macular edema, and retinal detachment

Active lesions appear white and fluffy, often near pigmented scars.

54
Q

True or False: Endophthalmitis can only occur after intraocular surgery.

A

False

It can also result from trauma or extension of keratitis.

55
Q

Fill in the blank: The most common infectious causes of endophthalmitis include _______.

A

bacteria and fungi

56
Q

What are the types of uveitis?

A

Anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis

Each type presents with different symptoms and severity.

57
Q

What is the role of PCR in diagnosing Acanthamoeba keratitis?

A

PCR is used to differentiate species if needed

It can provide a more accurate diagnosis in complex cases.

58
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues

Edema can occur in various parts of the body and may indicate underlying health issues.

59
Q

What are vascular anastomoses?

A

Connections between blood vessels that allow for collateral circulation

These connections can help maintain blood flow if one vessel becomes blocked.

60
Q

What is a chorioretinal scar?

A

A scar in the macula resulting from inactive congenital toxoplasmosis

This condition can affect vision if it occurs in critical areas of the retina.

61
Q

What is the causative agent of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

This bacterium is known for its corkscrew shape and can be visualized using darkfield microscopy.

62
Q

What are common symptoms of bacterial uveitis?

A

Pain, blurry vision, vision loss

These symptoms can vary depending on the severity and type of uveitis.

63
Q

What are Roth spots?

A

White-centered retinal hemorrhages

These spots can be indicative of systemic conditions such as bacterial endocarditis.

64
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for syphilitic uveitis?

A

VDRL & treponemal-specific testing, PCR

These tests help confirm the presence of syphilis in patients with uveitis.

65
Q

What treatments are indicated for retinal detachment?

A

Surgery, corticosteroids may also be indicated

Prompt treatment is crucial to prevent permanent vision loss.

66
Q

What is anterior uveitis?

A

Inflammation of the front part of the uvea

This condition can lead to symptoms such as eye redness and pain.

67
Q

What is posterior uveitis?

A

Inflammation of the back part of the uvea

This type can affect vision significantly and may require specialized treatment.

68
Q

Fill in the blank: The transmission of Treponema pallidum occurs through _______.

A

sexual contact or congenital

This bacterium can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy.

69
Q

What is the role of imaging studies in diagnosing uveitis?

A

To assess the extent of inflammation and rule out other conditions

Imaging can provide valuable information about structural changes in the eye.

70
Q

True or False: Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis can affect one or both eyes.

A

True

The involvement of one or both eyes depends on the extent of the infection.

71
Q

What is the recommended approach for diagnosing conjunctivitis?

A

Clinical presentation & history, assessment of vision

A thorough examination is essential to differentiate between types of conjunctivitis.

72
Q

What are systemic signs of untreated syphilis?

A

Varied symptoms including rash, fever, and swollen lymph nodes

These signs can develop over different stages of the disease.

73
Q

What resources are available for Midwestern University students in crisis?

A

In the Moment Mental Health Counseling, Academic Live Care

These services offer 24/7 support for students facing mental health issues.

74
Q

What is the function of the EMPACT Mobile Crisis Intervention/Suicide Prevention Center?

A

Provides 24/7 emergency mental health crisis support

This service is crucial for individuals experiencing suicidal thoughts or crises.

Micro Winter Exam 2 (12 decks)

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