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Micro Winter Exam 2 > L12: Hepatitis Part 1 > Flashcards

L12: Hepatitis Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pathogens that cause viral hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), Hepatitis E Virus (HEV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

HAV is a (+) ssRNA virus; HEV is a (+) ssRNA virus; HBV is a gapped dsDNA virus.

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2
Q

What are the common clinical symptoms of acute viral hepatitis?

A

Asymptomatic in majority, flu-like illness, abdominal pain, jaundice

Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting.

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3
Q

What liver enzyme changes are associated with viral hepatitis?

A

Increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

These enzymes are released from dying hepatocytes and can rise to > 1000 IU/L.

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4
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?

A

Fecal-oral transmission

Common sources include close physical contact and contaminated food/water.

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5
Q

What are the epidemiological characteristics of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?

A

~1.5 million clinical cases/year, worldwide distribution

Sporadic epidemic eruptions common in restaurants and daycare centers.

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6
Q

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?

A

15-50 days (average 28 days)

Symptoms may appear 2 weeks after viral shedding begins.

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7
Q

What is the typical treatment for acute viral hepatitis?

A

Supportive care, possible liver transplant in severe cases

Vaccination against HAV and HBV is also recommended to prevent further infections.

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8
Q

What is a key characteristic of chronic viral hepatitis?

A

Complications can include cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Some hepatitis viruses have a chronic carrier state

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9
Q

What type of virus is Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?

A

Gapped dsDNA virus, part of the Hepadnaviridae family

It replicates using reverse transcriptase.

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10
Q

What is the main route of transmission for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)?

A

Contaminated drinking water

Fecal-oral transmission is the main route of transmission.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The clinical symptoms of HAV infection often include _______.

A

dark urine and pale stool

These symptoms occur as a result of bilirubin accumulation due to liver infection.

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12
Q

True or False: There is a chronic carrier state for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV).

A

False

HEV does not lead to a chronic carrier state.

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13
Q

What serological tests are used for the diagnosis of HAV?

A

IgG anti-HAV and RT-PCR for viral RNA

IgG anti-HAV is detectable by symptom onset.

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14
Q

What is the recommended vaccine for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?

A

HAVRIX® / Vaqta™

Vaccination is recommended for children aged 12-23 months and at-risk adults.

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15
Q

What are the laboratory findings in acute viral hepatitis?

A

Increased serum bilirubin, elevated alkaline phosphatase (AlkPhos) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Liver swelling can obstruct bile flow, leading to jaundice.

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16
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?

A

Capsid protein binds to hepatocyte receptors, followed by viral replication

Immune-mediated elimination of infected cells leads to liver damage.

17
Q

What are the outcomes of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) infection?

A

Self-limited, no chronic carrier state, possible prolonged symptoms

Severe cases can occur, especially in older adults or those with liver disease.

18
Q

What is the role of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in HAV infection?

A

They mediate immune response leading to elimination of infected hepatocytes

This response contributes to liver damage during infection.

19
Q

What type of hepatitis virus is most common in East/South Asia?

A

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

It is rare in the USA.

20
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?

A

Blood (parenteral) transmission

Can also be transmitted perinatally or during early childhood.

21
Q

What does HEV stand for?

A

Hepatitis E Virus

HEV is a virus that primarily affects the liver and is only available in China.

22
Q

How is HEV diagnosed?

A

Through anti-HAV or -HEV serology or RT-PCR on stool/blood specimens

Anti-HAV refers to antibodies against Hepatitis A Virus.

23
Q

What type of virus is HBV?

A

A gapped dsDNA para-retrovirus

HBV stands for Hepatitis B Virus.

24
Q

How does HBV replicate?

A

Using reverse transcriptase

This process involves converting RNA back into DNA.

25
Q

What allows HBV to persist in hepatocyte nuclei?

A

cccDNA episomes

cccDNA stands for covalently closed circular DNA.

26
Q

True or False: HBV is a single-stranded RNA virus.

A

False

HBV is a double-stranded DNA virus.

27
Q

Fill in the blank: HBV persists via _______.

A

cccDNA episomes

cccDNA allows the virus to maintain a long-term presence in the liver.

Micro Winter Exam 2 (12 decks)

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