Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro Winter Exam 2 > L19: Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis > Flashcards

L19: Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Trypanosoma species responsible for Chagas disease?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas disease is also known as American trypanosomiasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the Trypanosoma species responsible for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the vector responsible for the transmission of Chagas disease?

A

Triatomine bugs (kissing bugs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the important elements of the pathophysiology of Chagas disease?

A

Acute and chronic stages, cardiac disorders, digestive alterations

70% of patients may show no symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What role does variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) play in trypanosomiasis?

A

Host immune evasion by trypanosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many people are estimated to be at risk of Chagas disease in Latin America?

A

70 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the predominant route of transmission for Chagas disease?

A

Vector-borne transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three stages of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A
  • Trypomastigote (infective stage)
  • Epimastigote (insect stage)
  • Amastigote (human stage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of the acute phase of Chagas disease?

A
  • Rash
  • Chagoma
  • Romana’s sign
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Enlarged lymph glands
  • Myalgia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the common chronic manifestations of Chagas disease?

A
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Digestive alterations (megaesophagus, megacolon)
  • Neurological alterations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for Chagas disease?

A
  • Blood smear
  • Tissue biopsy
  • Serology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the recommended treatment for Chagas disease?

A
  • Benznidazole
  • Nifurtimox
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the primary reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Opossums and armadillos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Human African Trypanosomiasis commonly known as?

A

Sleeping sickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main vector for Human African Trypanosomiasis?

A

Tsetse fly (Glossina spp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two forms of Human African Trypanosomiasis?

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the infective stage of Trypanosoma brucei to humans?

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What characterizes the early stage of Human African Trypanosomiasis?

A
  • Chancre at inoculation
  • Fever
  • Lymphadenopathy (Winterbottom’s sign)
19
Q

What are the symptoms of the late stage of Human African Trypanosomiasis?

A
  • Encephalopathy
  • Neuropsychiatric disorders
  • Somnolence
  • Insomnia
20
Q

True or False: Chagas disease can be transmitted through congenital routes.

A

True

21
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary mode of transmission for Chagas disease is _______.

A

Vector-borne

22
Q

What are the characteristic symptoms of late-stage African sleeping sickness (HAT)?

A

Symptoms include sensory disturbances, poor coordination, incontinence, seizures, coma, and ultimately death.

23
Q

What is the characteristic sleep disorder associated with HAT?

A

Daytime somnolence and sudden overwhelming sleep urges, along with nocturnal insomnia.

24
Q

What are the signs associated with Trypanosomal chancre and Winterbottom’s sign?

A

Trypanosomal chancre appears on the left, and Winterbottom’s sign is a swelling of the lymph nodes on the right.

25
Q

What is a key virulence factor of Trypanosoma brucei?

A

Antigenic variation through variable surface glycoproteins (VSG).

26
Q

What mechanism does Trypanosoma brucei use to escape host immune recognition?

A

Antigenic variation occurs as the parasites switch their VSG coat.

27
Q

How many telomeric VSG expression sites does the T. brucei genome have?

A

At least 15 telomeric VSG expression sites, with only one active at a time.

28
Q

What is the significance of the clinical suspicion in diagnosing African trypanosomiasis?

A

History of travel, tsetse fly bite, and the presence of Winterbottom’s sign are critical for diagnosis.

29
Q

What types of samples can be used for the direct identification of trypanosomes?

A

Blood smear, chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, bone marrow, and cerebrospinal fluid.

30
Q

What is the role of serology in diagnosing T. b. gambiense?

A

Serology is used only for screening purposes.

31
Q

What are the treatments for early-stage and late-stage HAT?

A

Early-stage: Pentamidine (T.b. gambiense); Late-stage: NECT (T.b. gambiense) or Melarsoprol (T.b. rhodesiense).

32
Q

What is the primary vector for Trypanosoma brucei?

A

Tsetse fly (Glossina spp).

33
Q

What are the three main forms of leishmaniasis?

A
  • Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) * Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) * Mucosal (mucocutaneous) leishmaniasis (ML)
34
Q

What are the primary hosts for Leishmania species?

A

Wild and domestic dogs and small rodents.

35
Q

What are some risk factors for leishmaniasis?

A
  • Socioeconomic conditions * Malnutrition * Population mobility * Environmental and climate changes * Immunosuppression
36
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)?

A

Painless skin lesions that ulcerate; 10% may progress to mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

37
Q

What complications can arise from visceral leishmaniasis (VL)?

A

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL).

38
Q

What is the infective stage of Leishmania to humans?

A

Promastigote.

39
Q

What is the recommended management for mild cutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

Observation only for spontaneous healing is preferred in most cases.

40
Q

What is the treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients?

A

Liposomal amphotericin B.

41
Q

What is the role of the leishmanin skin test?

A

Used in several countries for diagnosis of leishmaniasis.

42
Q

What are the recommended prevention strategies for leishmaniasis?

A

Early case detection and management, sand fly vector control, and environmental management.

43
Q

What is the mortality rate of untreated visceral leishmaniasis cases?

A

Lethal in >95% of untreated cases.

44
Q

What are the key concepts related to Leishmania biology?

A
  • Protozoa * Vector-borne transmission (sand-fly) * Endemic in tropics and subtropics

Micro Winter Exam 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions