L2- anatomy and physiology of the nervous systems

Question 1

where does neuronal input come through to an axon

Answer 1

through dendrites

Question 2

How do neurons connect to dendrites

Answer 2

through synapses

Question 3

describe the general function of an axon

Answer 3

where electrical information passes through

Question 4

how is the electrical information released to the effector

Answer 4

through axon terminals

Question 5

what does axon hillocks contain many of

Answer 5

sodium channels

Question 6

Myelin can be made of 2 types of cells. Name these in terms of CNS and PNS

Answer 6

Schwann cells- PNS and oligodendrocytes- CNS

Question 7

Myelin

Answer 7

insulation so that the electrical information can pass efficiently

Question 8

What neurotransmitters are involved in the CNS

Answer 8

glutamate, GABA, serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline

Question 9

What neurotransmitters are involved in PNS

Answer 9

noradrenaline and acetylecholine

Question 10

describe how a neurotransmitter passes through an axon

Answer 10

Nt binds to receptors on dendritic spines which causes depolarisation, activating sodium channels and therefore activating action potential which travel down the axon where they are released at acon terminals.

Question 11

sodium/potassium conc in and out of cell

Answer 11

high sodium outside high potassium inside

Question 12

are neurons more permeable to potassium or sodium ions?

Answer 12

potassium- meaning more potassium move out than sodium in so theres a -ve charge inside cell

Question 13

how does the electrical force effect the flow od soidum and potassium

Answer 13

it OPPOSES potassium outflow and FAVOURS sodium inflow (more sodium going in less potassium going out)

Question 14

resting membrane potential

Answer 14

-70mV

Question 15

when are sodium channels activated

Answer 15

-55mV

Question 16

effect of depolarisation

Answer 16

makes it more positive

Question 17

what causes repolarisation

Answer 17

activation of potassium channels so potassium can leave the cell, making inside more -ve again

Question 18

what causes the refractory period

Answer 18

sodium channel inactivation

Question 19

Afferent neuron direction

Answer 19

towards CNS

Question 20

efferent neuron direction

Answer 20

away from CNS

Question 21

types of efferent neurons and their effector area

Answer 21

autonomic- glands and smooth muscle
somatic-skeletal muscle

Question 22

sympathetic inervation of CNS

Answer 22

thoracolumbar

Question 23

paraympathetic innervation of CNS

Answer 23

craniosacral

Question 24

what is the ganglia neurotransmitter and where are the ganglia located

Answer 24

Ach for both symp and parasymp.
Symp is close to spinal cord, parasymp close or within target organs

Question 25

Hyoscine targets a ___ receptor. Because?

Answer 25

muscarinic Ach. because antagonising here receptors helps the treatment of IBS

Question 26

myenteric plexus

Answer 26

motor

Question 27

submucosal plexus

Answer 27

sensory

Question 28

nerve plexuses linked to the CNS via afferent fibres are activated by

Answer 28

stretch and chemical stimulation

Question 29

How does opioids effect GIT transit time

Answer 29

modulate ENS function

Question 30

Parasympathetic innervation effect on GIT

Answer 30

stimulates gut motility and secretory activity

Question 31

sympathetic innervation effect on GIT

Answer 31

inhibits PS induced contraction

Question 32

4 main cell types of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 32

neurones, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

Question 33

peripheral afferent input

Answer 33

dorsal horn

Question 34

efferent input

Answer 34

ventral horn

Question 35

lobes of brain and their role

Answer 35

frontal- descision making, working memory parietal- somatosensory, attention temporal- language, memory occiptical- vision

Question 36

how many vertebrae in spinal column

Answer 36

31