L2 anatomy

Question 1

bone is classified into :
1- _______shows dense areas of solid lamellae without cavities
2- _______shows numerous interconnecting cavities separated by bone trabeculae

Answer 1

1- compact bone

2-cancellous (spongy) bone

Question 2

in _____ bones:
1-the ___ is composed of compact bone with a central canal containing yellow bone marrow.
2-the___ consists of an outer covering of compact bone with cancellous bone inside.

Answer 2

Long bones
1-Diaphysis(shaft)
2-Epiphysis(end part)

Question 3

a living structure capable of changing its structure as the result of the stresses to which its subjected

Answer 3

Bone

Question 4

in _____ bones:

• they have a relatively thin outer layer of compact bone with cancellous bone inside containing red bone marrow
• they are enclosed by periosteum(dense layer of vascular CT)

Answer 4

Short, irregular, flat, and sesamoid bones

Question 5

• cavities containing osteocytes

- arranged in concentric rings

Answer 5

Lacunae

Question 6

• rings around the central canal

- sites of lacunae

Answer 6

Lamellae

Question 7

bones classified by shape into:
1- \_\_\_\_ e.g femur, tibia, fibula
2-\_\_\_\_ e.g scapula, parietal bones
3-\_\_\_\_ e.g carpal bones
4-\_\_\_\_ e.g vertebrae
5-\_\_\_\_ e.g patella (knee bone)

Answer 7

1- Long
2- Flat
3- short
4- irregular
5-sesamoid

Question 8

bone can be formed in 2 ways:
1-______ ossification:
-occur in a membrane of mesenchyme
-direct mineralization of matrix secreted by osteoblasts (from membrane to bone)

2-______ ossification:
-deposition of bone matrix on a preexisting cartilage template (from cartilage to bone)

Answer 8

1- intramembranous

2-endochondral [cartilaginous]

Question 9

occurs in :
1-flat bones of skull
2-growth of short bones
3-thickening of long bones

Answer 9

intramembranous ossification

Question 10

in intramembranous ossification :
1- bone matrix is produced by ___
2-the part of the membrane that doesn’t undergo ossification will give rise to the ____ and the ____ of bone.

Answer 10

1- osteoblasts

2-endosteum and periosteum

Question 11

in endochondral [cartilaginous] ossification:
1-osteoblasts at primary and secondary ossification centers produce ______ that are filled with bone marrow.
2- in secondary ossification center cartilage remains in 2 regions
a. ______ > persist through adult life (no bone growth)
b. ______ > disapperas in adults 20 years old, responsible for growth in bone length

Answer 11

1- continuous layers of bone and bone cavities
2-
a. articular cartilage
b. epiphyseal plate of cartilage

Question 12

• a combined process of bone synthesis and removal

- resorption occur by osteoclasts

Answer 12

Bone remodeling

Question 13

Hormonal factors:
1- ____: reduce calcium level in blood by inhibiting osteoclasts activity
2-____: increase calcium level in blood, and promoting osteoclastic resorption.
3-____: deficiency in growing years causes PITUITARY DWARFISM,
excess causes ACROMEGALY in adults and GIGANTISM in growing years
4-____: deficiency in children causes CRETINISM, also DWARFISM

Answer 13

1- calcitonin
2- parathyroid hormone
3-growth hormone
4-thyroid hormone

Question 14

nutritional factors:
1-____and___: deficiency leads to RICKETS in children, OSTEOMALACIA in adults.
2-____: its deficiency causes RICKETS in children
3-____: its deficiency causes SCURVY

Answer 14

1- calcium and phosphate
2- vitamin D
3- vitamin C