L1+2 Biochem Flashcards

1
Q
  • complex to simple molecules
  • exergonic (energy releasing)
  • convergent process
  • pathways are typically oxidative and require oxidized coenzymes such as NAD+
A

Catabolic/catabolism

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2
Q
  • precursor(simple) molecules into complex molecules
  • endergonic (require energy)
  • divergent process
  • involves reductions
  • requires NADPH
A

Anabolic/anabolism

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3
Q

facilitated diffusion allows entry of fructose mediated by _____ (sodium independent)

A

GLUT 5

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4
Q
  • transport occurs with a concentration gradient
  • No energy is required
  • GLUT-1 to 14
A

Na+ independent facilitated diffusion transport

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5
Q

___ and ___ and ___ are primarily involved in glucose uptake

A

GLUT-1
GLUT-3
GLUT-4

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6
Q

-found in liver and kidney

can transport glucose into these cells AND out of them (both ways)

A

GLUT-2

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7
Q
  • galactose and glucose are taken into enterocytes by Secondary active transporter that requires Na+ (and ATP)
  • movement of glucose is coupled to the concentration gradient of Na+ which is mediated by (a)_____
  • occurs in epithelial cells of intestine and renal tubules
A

Na+ monosaccharide cotransporter system

(a) SGLT= Na+ dependent glucose cotransporter

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8
Q
major pathways involved in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
1- glycolysis
2-gluconeogenesis
3-glycogen metabolism
4- pentose phosphate pathway
A

CHO metabolism

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9
Q

major pathways involved in __________:
1-glycolysis
2-citric-acid cycle
3-oxidative phosphorylation

A

Fuel metabolism

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10
Q

the study of energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions
-isothermic

A

Bioenergetics

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11
Q

1 kcal = ___ kJ

A

4.2

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12
Q
  • energy can be neither created nor destroyed

e. g chemically stored energy transformed to heat

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

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13
Q
  • efficiencies of energy transformation never equal 100%

- entropy (S): the amount of disorder in a system

A

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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14
Q

the free energy change (A G) of a system is the _______________ that is available for useful work.

A

portion of the total energy

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15
Q

expresses the amount of energy capable of doing work during a reaction at a constant temperature and pressure

A

Free energy OR Gibbs free energy (G)

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16
Q

-quantitative expression for the randomness or disorder in a system

A

Entropy (S)

17
Q

heat content of the reacting system (reactants and products). heat evolved or absorbed in a reaction
-it reflects the number and kinds of chemical bonds broken

A

Enthalpy (H)

18
Q
  • **the reaction is said to be _____ if :
  • negative (G<0)
  • net loss of energy
  • reaction goes spontaneously
A

Exergonic

19
Q

the reaction is said to be _____ if :

  • positive(G>0)
  • net gain of energy
  • the reaction does not go spontaneously
A

Endergonic

20
Q

equilibrium is established when G = ______

A

ZERO

21
Q

coupled reaction between endergonic and exergonic reaction will result in a net _____ G, so both reactions can occur ______

A

Negative

Spontaneously

22
Q

1 ATP = ___ kcal/mol

A

7.3

23
Q

structure:
1-nitrogenous base (adenine)
2- sugar ribose
3- 3 phosphoryl groups that is joined to ribose by a phosphate ester bond and to each other by **phospho-anhydride
*** the most important parts of this molecule are the Two Phospho-anhydride bonds because a breakdown of either of these bonds will release energy

A

ATP

24
Q

1- the conversion of ADP to ATP by the use of high energy metabolites is known as______
2-these compounds have high energy : *****
2a) __________
2b)__________
3b)__________: serves as a resivoir of high-energy phosphate bonds in muscle

theres also Succinyl-CoA (in citric acid cycle) (GTP)

A

1- Substrate Level Phosphorylation

  • 2a) Phosphoenol-pyruvate (in glycolysis)
    2b) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (in glycolysis)
    3b) Creatine phosphate (in muscle)
25
Q

1- are compounds that on hydrolysis yield free energy ***equal to or greater than ATP (G= -7.3 kcal/mol)
2- a compound that liberates less than 7.3 kcal/mol.

A

1-High Energy compounds

2- Low Energy compounds