L2 Flashcards
Key components of a cell include: _ cytoplasm nucleus plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria cytoskeleton
plasma membrane
Key components of a cell include: plasma membrane _ nucleus plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria cytoskeleton
cytoplasm
Key components of a cell include: plasma membrane cytoplasm _ plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria cytoskeleton
nucleus
Key components of a cell include: plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleus _ mitochondria cytoskeleton
endoplasmic reticulum
Key components of a cell include: plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleus endoplasmic reticulum _ cytoskeleton
mitochondria
Key components of a cell include: plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria _
cytoskeleton
The main components of the cell include:
_
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
nucleus
The main components of the cell include:
nucleus
_
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
The main components of the cell include:
nucleus
cytoplasm
_
plasma membrane
The acronym ER is the _, a component of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum (RER is rough endoplasmic reticulum, and SER is smooth…, helpful for lipid synthesis)
The three parts of the cell that are focused on in this course are the:
_
ribosome
Golgi complex
rough endoplasmic reticulum
The three parts of the cell that are focused on in this course are the:
rough endoplasmic eticulum
_
Golgi complex
ribosome
The three parts of the cell that are focused on in this course are the:
rough endoplasmic eticulum
ribosome
_
Golgi complex
This forms the cell’s outer surface:
plasma membrane
This conssits of the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus:
cytoplasm
A large organelle that houses most of the cell’s DNA is the…
nucleus
In most cases, the only activity happening in a cell occurs in the cell’s _
nucleus
Antibodies are large _
proteins
B cells are referred to as…
antibodies
A cell membrane has a _ barrier.
fluid, although sturdy
The plasma membrane has _ layers
2 (bilayer)
_% of a lipid bilayer is phospholipids
75 (you have mostly phosphate - creates the ATP!; then _, then glucose - another form of energy, at 5%)
_% of a lipid bilayer is cholesterol
20
_% of a lipid bilayer is glycolipids
5
glycolipids are liipids that attach to _ groups
carbohydrate
Cholesterol are lipids that attach to _ groups
steroids
Heads of lipids are considered hydrophilic, or have an affinity to _
water
Heads of lipids are considered _, or have an affinity to water
hydrophilic
The internal portion of the phospholipid layer is hydrophobic, or _ _
against water
The components of a cell from exterior to interior are:
_
cytoplasm
nucleus
plasma membrane
The lipid bilayer has two back-to-back layers made up of _ types of lipid molecules
three
The _ of phospholipids face _ each other
towards
Polar heads face _ other polar heads
away from (kind of like the two ends of an hourglass
Several proteins are found _ the phospholipid bilayer
within
If you have too many proteins within a phosoplipid bilayer, it will be less _
flexible
Some proteins that exist close to the surface of the phospholipid bilayer can join proteins. This is called a _ protein
peripheral
The shape of a peripheral protein, which binds the carbohydrate chain, looks like a _
corkscrew
The shape of a peripheral protein, which binds the _ chain, looks like a corkscrew
carbohydrate
_ molecules have both a polar and nonpolar region.
lipid
Polar regions are at the _ of a lipid bilayer
head
Phospholipids have _=containing heads
phosphate
The phosphate makes the head (polar) regions water-loving, or _
hydrophilic
The nonpolar parts are made of _ that looks like two tails
fatty acids
The fatty acid regions are water fearing, or _
hydrophobic
Why are the heads of the bilipid layer hydrophilic, and the tail (or interior) hydrophobic?
to ensure fluidity along each membrane that separates water from itself, but maintaining structure within its interior (i.e., oil and water do not mix)
The hydrophilic heads enable the lipid bilayer to be _
flexible
T/F: Phospholipids’ hydrophilic heads govern the mutability of the lipid bilayer
Not exactly. the inclusion of cholesterol and glucolipids also affects it’s mutability
The more cholesterol and glucolipids, the greater the _ of the lipid bilayer
rigidity
The plasma membrane consists of _ proteins: peripheral and integral
two
The plasma membrane consists of two _: peripheral and integral
proteins
The _ consists of two proteins: peripheral and integral
plasma membrane
The plasma membrane consists of two proteins: _ and integral
peripheral
The plasma membrane consists of two proteins: peripheral and _
integral
_ proteins are within in the bilipid layers
integral
Periphery proteins are found on the periphery of the _
plasma membrane
Membrane proteins are found throughout the _ bilayer
phospholipid
Periphery proteins can be on the _ or _ of the membrane
inside or outside edge
_ proteins span the width of the membrane
transmembrane
transmembrane proteins are examples of _ proteins
integral (transmission is integral!)
_ proteins hit the inside and outside of the plasma membrane
transmembrane integral
Peripheral proteins are _ attached
loosely
Many peripheral proteins are _, bound to carbohydrates
glycoproteins
Cytosol is found within the _CF
ICF, intracellular
A _ is an opening in a membrane
pore
Membrane proteins include: _ recognition p receptor p carrier p enzymes channels
anchoring
Membrane proteins include: anchoring p _ receptor p carrier p enzymes channels
recognition
Membrane proteins include: anchoring p recognition p _ carrier p enzymes channels
receptor
Membrane proteins include: anchoring p recognition p receptor p _ enzymes channels
carrier proteins
Membrane proteins include: anchoring p recognition p receptor p carrier p _ channels
enzymes
Membrane proteins include: anchoring p recognition p receptor p carrier p enzymes _
channels
_ proteins attach the plasma membrane to surround structures, providing stability
anchoring proteins
_ proteins act as receptors, essential for immune system usage
recognition
These proteins can be integral or peripheral:
enzymes
These proteins bind to extracellular molecules, or ligands:
receptor proteins
_ proteins bind solutes and delivers them across the membrane
carrier
These proteins form completely through the plasma membrane, as a passive flow of solutes
channels
Cytosol is the area within the cytoplasm that does not include the _
organelles
Cytosol is about 5% of the total cell volume
50
The _ is the site of many chemical reactions
cytosol
Cytosol mostly contains _, within which exist various dissolved particles
water
The various dissolved particles in the cytosol include: _ glucose amino acids fatty acids proteins, etc.
ions
The various dissolved particles in the cytosol include: ions _ amino acids fatty acids proteins, etc.
glucose
The various dissolved particles in the cytosol include: ions glucose _ fatty acids proteins, etc.
amino acids
The various dissolved particles in the cytosol include: ions glucose amino acids _ proteins, etc.
fatty acids
The various dissolved particles in the cytosol include: ions glucose amino acids fatty acids _, etc.
proteins, etc.
the organs of the cell are the_
organelles
Tiny specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes, and perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction
organelles
Types of organelles incl
endoplasmic reticulum
cytoskeleton
ribosomes
Types of organelles include:
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
cytoskeleton
endoplasmic reticulum
Types of organelles include:
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
_
cytoskeleton
the site of proteins synthesis are
ribosomes
The network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules are_
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
There are _ types of endoplasmic reticulum
2
The two types of ER are:
_
smooth
rough
The two types of ER are:
rough
_
smooth
T/F: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) do not have ribosomes
true
Smooth ER is the site of _ synthesis
lipid synthesis (fat makes things slippery and smooth)
Calcium ions are found in _ ER
smooth
Cardiac cells and skeletal muscle both contain _ ions
calcium
The _ is the powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
The mitochondria of the cell makes _
ATP
T/F: not all cells require energy
false. energy is always needed for its survival
When a cell is active it will allow the tissue and then the _ to function
organ
Mitochondria are a form of _ in a cell
organelles
The network of protein filaments that extends through the cytosol is the _
cytoskeleton
The _ provides structural framework, and aids movement
cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton provides _, and aids movement
provides structural framework
The cilia and flagella provide structural framework, and aids _
movement
There are _ types of protein filaments
3
The three types of protein filaments within the cytoskeleton are:
_
intermediate filaments
microtubules
microfilaments
The three types of protein filaments within the cytoskeleton are:
microfilaments
_
microtubules
intermediate filaments
The three types of protein filaments within the cytoskeleton are:
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
_
microtubules
Cytoskeletal filaments in the picture are shown as green, a.k.a. _
intermediate filaments
Cytoskeletal _ in the picture are shown in red.
microfilaments (teeny tiny, therefore need a bright colour to see them)
Microfilaments are composed of elements made of _
actin
Microfilaments are found mostly _ of the cell
at the edge (microfilaments are shy but strong, and are therefore at the edge of the party, but keep it together)
Microfilaments function to:
_
provide mechanical support
form microvilli
help generate movement
Microfilaments function to:
help generate movement
provide mechanical support
form microvilli
provide mechanical support
Microfilaments function to:
help generate movement
_
form microvilli
form microvilli
_ are extensions of the cell to the interior of the cell, forming hair-like projections, allowing the cell to move in place or over the cell
microvilli
Intermediate filaments are the _ in size of the filaments
medium
Intermediate filaments are a part of the cytoskeleton that functions to:
_
help position organelles
attach cells to one another
found in places where cells encounter stress
Intermediate filaments are a part of the cytoskeleton that functions to:
found in places where cells encounter stress
_
attach cells to one another
help position organelles
Intermediate filaments are a part of the cytoskeleton that functions to:
found in places where cells encounter stress
help position organelles
_
attach cells to one another
Intermediate filaments could be in the _ (organ) to protect it from rupturing or filling too much
bladder
The largest of the cytoskeleton components are _
microtubules
Microvilli allos the cell to _ by simply waving
move
Places where cells encounter stress you will likely see __
intermediate filaments
Intermediate filaments function to :
help position organelles
_
attach cells to one another
The _ of the cell creates stress on the cell, requiring the use of intermediate filaments to help position organelles, and attach cells to one another
constant movement
Microtubules are the largest of the _ components
cytoskeletal
Hollow tubes composed mainly of _ (a protein), which are the microtubules
tubulin (get it? microtubes are made from tubulin…you don’t get it)
Microtubules help:
determine cell shape
help the movement of organelles and
are found in _ and _
cilia and flagella (long finger-like structures that guide them, and create fluid-like movements of the organelles, etc.)
Microtubules are generally found as extensions of a _ in a cell
centrosome (just another structural element of the cytoskeleton. just gotta learn the centro-somes in the cyto-skeleton)
The centrosome has microtubules that radiate from it. It is a part of the _
cytoskeleton (since microtubules are associated with structure, it stands to reason that centrosome has microtubules that are a part of a greater structure, therefore the cytoSKELETON)
In images used to describe organelles of the cytoskeleton, the green colour refers to the _
cytofilaments (microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments; the green structural elements are like the trees within the forest)
The differences between organs is known as cell _
diversity (hello, Darwin)
What creates cell diversity?
fitting with the function of its use (things change based on its function. Its form is helpful in assisting it, too)
Cells differ greatly in several aspects:
size
shape
_
function (it had to be this or form!)
The three layers of the zygote that becomes the fetus are:
ectoderm
mesoderm
_
endoderm (the me in m-eme requires -eme)
Endoderm forms the _ organs
inner organs - lungs, thyroid, pancreas…
Ectoderm forms the _ organs
nervous system organs
Neural tissue _ and _ to changes in the body’s external and internal environemnt
detects and responds
Peripheral nervous system is found _
everywhere apart from the brain
Neural tissue is composed of
neurons
)
neuroglia - supportive cells
Supportive neural tissue is called _
neuroglia
Cells can sit on their own. T/R
false. They always exist in an environment
There are three types of muscle tissue:
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
_
smooth muscle
What is interesting about skeletal muscle cells? they are _
very long
_ muscle cells are short and rectangular, and branch into other cells
cardiac muscle cells
Differences between the muscle cells creates the different _
functions they perform
_ convert electrical signals into mechanical force and contract to generate movement
muscle tissue
_ cells are the only voluntary cells
skeletal muscle cells
T/R: smooth and cardia muscle cells are involuntary
true
Epithelial cells cover __
body surfaces
_ cells form lining of internal body surfaces and cavities
epithelial cells
Epithelial cells line hollow _ and ducts
organs
Epithelial cells’ major function is to provide a ___
protective barrier
The different forms of epithelial cells include:
_
subsequent layers (not a particular name)
lumen (specific to the lining of hollow organs
basement membrane (single and first layer
The different forms of epithelial cells include:
basement membrane (single, first layer)
___
lumen (specific to the lining of hollow organs
subsequent layers (not a particular name)
The different forms of epithelial cells include:
basement membrane (single, first layer)
subsequent layers (not a particular name)
lumen (specific to the lining of hollow organs
lumen (specific to the lining of hollow organs
Connect_ tissues are the most abundant and widely distributed onesive tissues
connective
Connective tissues serve to: _ supports strengthens protects and insulates internal organs major transport system within the body
binds tissues together
Connective tissues serve to: bind tissues together _ strengthens protects and insulates internal organs major transport system within the body
supports
Connective tissues serve to: bind tissues together supports _ protects and insulates internal organs major transport system within the body
strengthens
Connective tissues serve to: bind tissues together supports strengthens _ major transport system within the body
protects and insulates internal organs
Connective tissues serve to: bind tissues together supports strengthens protects and insulates internal organs _
major transport system within the body
The skin’s connective tissue is most easily seen by a sectional view of _ _ connective tissue
dense irregular
Skeletal muscle viewing is likely to see a sectional view of _ _ connective tissue
dense regular
Sectional view of adipose tissue would be found when looking at the connective tissue of _
the heart
Connective tissue forms _ to skeletal muscle to encourage its working
tendons
A sectional view of bone would see a ___, a type of connective tissue that surrounds an osteocyte (bone cell),
calcified extracellular matrix
_ is a connective tissue, with many different cells, like leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets
BLOOD
Leukocytes are…
white blood cells
Specialized comonents within the plasma membrane are considered _
cell junctions
_ hold cells together
cell junctions
Connective tissue can hold _ and _ together, but NOT _
tissues and organs, but NOT cells
There are different types of cell junctions, including: _ adherens desmosomes hemidesmosomes gap junctions
tight junctions
There are different types of cell junctions, including: tight junctions adherens _ hemidesmosomes gap junctions
desmosomes
There are different types of cell junctions, including: tight junctions adherens desmosomes hemidesmosomes _
gap junctions
Web-like strands of transmembrane proteins are called __
tight junctions
_ junctions’ role is to prevent the movement of substances between cells
tight junctions
Tight junctions fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent ___
plasma membranes
T/F: Substances can pass alongside/between the edges of adjacent plasma membrane cells
false
Tight junctions disable substances from _____
passing alongside/between the edges of plasma membrane cells
How do substances pass when tight junctions exist?
they require permission through the cells themselves, rather than along the external walls
An example of an impenetrable barrier that uses tight junctions to prevent substances to get in is the…
blood brain barrier
_ move a bit, providing resistance to high mechanical stress to cells, and are a bit less impenetrable than tight junctions
desmosomes
The _ has some desmosomes that help protect cells in instances of high mechanical stress
heart
Organs that expand, such as the bladder, heart, lungs, skeletal muscle, are likely to have _ (cell junctions)
desmosomes
___ are little tunnels that form BETWEEN cells, allowing the exchange of cellular materials between cells
gap junctions
The exchange of cellular materials between cells through __ can include cytosol, ions, and signaling molecules
gap junctions
Gap junctions provide a way for cells to directly __
communicate with one another
There are _ main parts of a cell
three
Within the nucleus, each _, a single molecule of DNA associated withseveral proteins, contains thousands of hereditary units/genes that control most aspects of cellular structure and function
chromosome
The plasma membrane’s main function is to
separate the cell’s internal environment from the external environment
_ helps establish and maintain the appropriate internal environment for normal cellular activities
selectivity
What looks like a cut ham in a sectional view of a cell?
the nucleus
What composes the blue exterior of a sectional view of the cell?
the plasma membrane
What composes the brown and colourful elements of the middle of a cell?
the cytoplasm
T/F: does the cytosol include organelles?
No. The cytosol is separate
T/F: does the cytoplasm include organelles and the nucleus?
no, the cytoplasm is cytosol + organelle - nucleus
The fluid mosaic model is a structural model in the _
plasma membrane
A flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell is the
plasma membrane
T/F: the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane resembles a solid set of lipids that contain a mosaic of many different proteins
false. The molecular arrangement resembles a CONTINUALLY MOVING SEA OF FLUID LIPIDS, within which contains a mosaic of many different proteins
Allowing the passage of several types of lipid-soluble molecules but act as a barrier for/from charged or polar substances suggests that the plasma membrane is…
flexible yet sturdy
The plasma membrane can serve as a barrier as well as a…
site of communication
Why is the plasma membrane a site of communication?
some proteins can act as signal RECEPTORS or as molecules that link it to intracellular or extracellular proteins
The plasma membrane has _ layers
2 = lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane has lipids that have both polar and nonpolar parts. This suggests that the lipids are _ molecules
amphipathic
Amphipathic refers to the ___ of the plasma membrane
the water loving and fearing (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) phosphate containing heads of the lipid bilayer
The plasma membrane acts as:
a barrier separating the inside and outside of the cell
controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell
_
participates in intercellular signaling
helps identify the cell to other cells (e.g., immune cells)
Why are immune cells an example of the functions of the plasma membrane?
they help to identify the cell to other cells
The _ is a carbohydrate-enriched coating that covers the outside of many eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells, particularly bacteria
glycocalyx
Cholesterol molecules are weakly amphipathic, or are weak in their _. This is why they are interspersed among the other lipids in both layers of the plasma membrane
polarity
The tiny _OH group is the only polar region of _, and it forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of phospholipids and glycolipids
cholesterol
Integral proteins are typically _, with hydrophilic regions protruding into either the water extracellular fluid or the cytosol, and their hyrophobic regions extending among the fatty acid tails
amphipathic
A few integral proteins are tightly attached to one side of the plasma membrane bilayer by ___ to fatty acids
covalent bonding
Glycoproteins are often _ proteins, those with carobhydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid
integral
The carbohydrates of glycoproteins are _, chains of 2 to 60 monosaccharides that may be straight or branched
oligosaccharides (oligo = few, saccharides = sugars)
