L1 part 2 Flashcards
_ described how the internal environment is separate and different from the external environment.
Claude Bernard
The _ _ of homeostasis involves a stimulus, controlled variable, receptors, control center, effectors, and response.
feedback loop
Claude Bernard described how the internal environment is separate and different from the external environment, i.e, ‘_ _’.
milieu interieur
_ _ coined the term homeostasis.
Walter Cannon
Normal beings strive to maintain a normal internal environment, regardless of the _ environment.
external
Claude Bernard and _ _ coined the underlying principle of physiology, homeostasis.
Walter Cannon
The underlying principle of physiology was brought forward by _ _
Walter CAnnon
A car on cruise control going up a hill is an example of _
homeostasis
An _ _ is sent to the control centre in a car to send gas to an accelerator and the engine for a car to stay at the set cruise control when going up a hill.
error signal
The feedback loop of homeostasis involves a _, controlled variable, receptors, control center, effectors, and response.
stimulus
The feedback loop of homeostasis involves a stimulus, _ _, receptors, control center, effectors, and response.
controlled variable
The feedback loop of homeostasis involves a stimulus, controlled variable, _, control center, effectors, and response.
receptors
The feedback loop of homeostasis involves a stimulus, controlled variable, receptors, _ _ , effectors, and response.
control centre
The feedback loop of homeostasis involves a stimulus, controlled variable, receptors, control center, _, and response.
effectors
The feedback loop of homeostasis involves a stimulus, controlled variable, receptors, control center, effectors, and _.
response
Using the car at cruise control going up a hill example, the stimulus of the system is the…
hill/incline
Using the car at cruise control going up a hill example, the controlled variable of the system is…
the speed setting
Using the car at cruise control going up a hill example, the receptors of the system is the…
speedometer
Using the car at cruise control going up a hill example, the control centre of the system is…
the car engine or cruise control centre
Using the car at cruise control going up a hill example, the effectors of the system is…
the gas pedal compressing
Using the car at cruise control going up a hill example, the response of the system is…
the car speeding up to reach cruise control speed up a hill
Physiology is indicative of the body’ _
functions
An example of the chemical level of the human body is…
atoms or molecules
Smooth muscle cells are indicative of the _ level
cellular
Smooth muscle tissue is at the _ level
tissue
The stomach is at the _ level of the body
organ
The digestive system is at the _ level of the body
system
The highest organizational level of the body is the _ level
organismal
Amino acids binding into protein is an example of _, the metabolic life process
anabolism
The binding of fatty acids and glycerol into triglycerides is an example of _, the metabolic life process
anabolism
The breakdown of glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and ATP is an example of _, the metabolic life process
catabolism
Avoiding stepping on a tack is an example of this protective life process: _
responsiveness
The bone’s matrix is an example of increasing _ _ _ , an example o f the growth life process
the types of materials between cells (intercellular)
The growth life processes include:
increase in size of existing cells,
increase in the number of cells, and…
increased number of materials BETWEEN the cells
Red blood cells’ formation from unspecified cells in bone marrow is an example of this life process:
differentiation
Receptors serve as a/n _ to the control centre
input
Action potentials or chemical signals to a control centre is an example of _ in the feedback loop
receptors
_ bring about a change or response that alters a controlled variable
effectors
A return to homeostasis occurs when the response brings the _ _ back to normal
controlled variable
A return to homeostasis occurs when the _ brings the controlled variable back to normal
response
Receptors monitor the _ _ in homeostasis
controlled variable
_ disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a controlled variable
A stimulus
A stimulus disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a _ _
controlled variable
The homeostatic set point is a series of _ around the normal operating range.
variances
The homeostatic _ _ is a series of variances around the normal operating range.
set point
The homeostatic mechanism is a series of variances around the _ _ _ .
normal operating range
Homeostasis serves as a/n _ _ function.
error sensing
Minor adjustments are continually made to maintain a/n _ _ _
normal operating range
Feedback systems control mechanism that help maintain the _ _.
operating range
_ _’ control mechanisms help maintain the operating range
feedback systems
T/F: Homeostasis is a feedback loop that is associated with a mechanism that helps maintain the operating range.
False: there are a number of mechanisms
_ feedback will reverse a change in a controlled variable
negative
The majority of variables in the body are controlled by the _ feedback system.
negative
Positive feedback is about _ the changes that occur in homeostasis.
amplifying
An example of positive feedback is _
the childbirth blood clotting response
The greater _ of the response in homeostasis is specific to the human body.
complexity
_ is a mechanism that our bodies use in anticipation of a change in the controlled variable.
feedforward
Feedforward is a mechanism that our bodies use in ___ change in the controlled variable.
anticipation of a
Feedforward is a mechanism that our bodies use in anticipation of a change in the __.
controlled variable
If one anticipates a tasty meal, one’s mouth waters. This is an example of the _ mechanism
feedforward
T/F: Homeostasis is a continuous cycle.
true
The constant monitoring of the internal environment in homeostasis is dependent on the __, a continuous process.
feedback loop
Greater _ on the controlled variable/s is the main reason for body compartmentalization.
impact
Greater impact on the controlled variable/s is the main reason for _ _.
body compartmentalization
Greater impact on the _ _ is the main reason for body compartmenalization.
controlled variable/s
Another reason for body compartmentalization is the separation of the _ _ from the _ _.
internal environment from the external environment
Metabolism is the sum of a ll chemical processes that occur in the body, which serve each level of the body:
chemical -
breakdown of proteins into amino acids (catabolize)
Metabolism is the sum of a ll chemical processes that occur in the body, which serve each level of the body:
cellular -
the formation of proteins from amino acids
Metabolism is the sum of a ll chemical processes that occur in the body, which serve each level of the body:
tissue
the formation of proteins into tissues
Metabolism is the sum of a ll chemical processes that occur in the body, which serve each level of the body:
organ
the formation of tissues into organs
Metabolism is the sum of a ll chemical processes that occur in the body, which serve each level of the body:
system -
the utilization of energy within the digestive system (e.g.)
Metabolism is the sum of a ll chemical processes that occur in the body, which serve each level of the body:
organismal -
the growth of size of the body
Movement is the motion of each part of the human body, which serve each level of the body:
chemical -
oxygen moves within the blood stream
Movement is the motion of each part of the human body, which serve each level of the body:
cellular -
oxygen increases to stimulate movement within blood cellsk
Movement is the motion of each part of the human body, which serve each level of the body:
tissue -
blood volume moves more slowly or fast within the body
Movement is the motion of each part of the human body, which serve each level of the body:
organ -
the blood’s efficacy impacts the workings of the heart
Movement is the motion of each part of the human body, which serve each level of the body:
system -
the efficacy of the heart impacts the degree of cardiovascular efficacy within the body, and each parts’ movement
Movement is the motion of each part of the human body, which serve each level of the body:
organismal -
the body is ready to continue living and moving
There are _ systems in the human body.
11
The gonads and subsequent parts are a part of the _ system
reproductive
Ovaries and the epididymis are examples of _.
gonads
The gonads of the female body include the: _ uterine tubes uterus vagina mammary glands
ovaries
The gonads of the female body include the: ovaries _ uterus vagina mammary glands
uterine tubes
The gonads of the female body include the: ovaries uterine tubes _ vagina mammary glands
uterus
The gonads of the female body include the: ovaries uterine tubes uterus _ mammary glands
vagina
The gonads of the female body include the: ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina _
mammary glands
The kidneys and ureters are part of the _ system
urinary
The urinary system is composed of the: _ ureters urinary bladders urethra
kidneys
The urinary system is composed of the: kidneys _ urinary bladders urethra
ureters
The urinary system is composed of the: kidneys ureters _ urethra
urinary bladder
The urinary system is composed of the: kidneys ureters urinary bladders _
urethra
The mouth and large intestines are part of the _ system
digestive
The digestive system is composed of the: _ pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas
mouth
The digestive system is composed of the: mouth _ esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas
pharynx
The digestive system is composed of the: mouth pharynx _ stomach small intestine large intestine anus salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas
esophagus
The digestive system is composed of the: mouth pharynx esophagus _ small intestine large intestine anus salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas
stomach
The digestive system is composed of the: mouth pharynx esophagus stomach _ large intestine anus salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas
small intestine
The digestive system is composed of the: mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine _ anus salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas
large intestine
The digestive system is composed of the: mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine _ salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas
anus
The digestive system is composed of the: mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus _ liver gallbladder pancreas
salivary glands
The digestive system is composed of the: mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus salivary glands _ gallbladder pancreas
liver
The digestive system is composed of the: mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus salivary glands liver _ pancreas
gallbladder
The digestive system is composed of the: mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus salivary glands liver gallbladder _
pancreas
The lungs and larynx are examples of the _ system
respiratory
The respiratory system is composed of the: _ pharynx larynx trachea bronchial tubes
lungs
The respiratory system is composed of the: lungs _ larynx trachea bronchial tubes
pharynx
The respiratory system is composed of the: lungs pharynx _ trachea bronchial tubes
larynx
The respiratory system is composed of the: lungs pharynx larynx _ bronchial tubes
trachea
The respiratory system is composed of the: lungs pharynx larynx trachea _
bronchial tubes
The _ system uses cells such as the B, and T.
lymphatic
The lymphatic system is composed of the: _ _ spleen thymus lymph nodes tonsils B cells T cells
lymphatic fluid and vessels
The lymphatic system is composed of the: lymphatic fluid and vessels _ thymus lymph nodes tonsils B cells T cells
spleen
The lymphatic system is composed of the: lymphatic fluid and vessels spleen _ lymph nodes tonsils B cells T cells
thymus
The lymphatic system is composed of the: lymphatic fluid and vessels spleen thymus _ tonsils B cells T cells
lymph nodes
The lymphatic system is composed of the: lymphatic fluid and vessels spleen thymus lymph nodes _ B cells T cells
tonsils
The lymphatic system is composed of the: lymphatic fluid and vessels spleen thymus lymph nodes tonsils _ T cells
B cells
The lymphatic system is composed of the: lymphatic fluid and vessels spleen thymus lymph nodes tonsils B cells _
T cells
The blood and heart are a part of the _ system
cardiovascular
The cardiovascular system is composed of the:
_
heart
blood vessels
blood
The cardiovascular system is composed of the:
blood
_
blood vessels
heart
The cardiovascular system is composed of the:
blood
heart
_
blood vessels
The pineal and pituitary glands are a part of the _ system
endocrine
The endocrine system is composed of the:
hormone-producing glands, and _
hormone-producing cells
The hormone-producing glands of the endocrine system are the: _ hypothalamus pituitary thymus thyroid parathyroid adrenal pancreas ovaries/testes
pineal
The hormone-producing glands of the endocrine system are the: pineal _ pituitary thymus thyroid parathyroid adrenal pancreas ovaries/testes
hypothalamus
The hormone-producing glands of the endocrine system are the: pineal hypothalamus _ thymus thyroid parathyroid adrenal pancreas ovaries/testes
pituitary
The hormone-producing glands of the endocrine system are the: pineal hypothalamus pituitary _ thyroid parathyroid adrenal pancreas ovaries/testes
thymus
The hormone-producing glands of the endocrine system are the: pineal hypothalamus pituitary thymus _ parathyroid adrenal pancreas ovaries/testes
thyroid
The hormone-producing glands of the endocrine system are the: pineal hypothalamus pituitary thymus thyroid _ adrenal pancreas ovaries/testes
parathyroid
The hormone-producing glands of the endocrine system are the: pineal hypothalamus pituitary thymus thyroid parathyroid _ pancreas ovaries/testes
adrenal
The hormone-producing glands of the endocrine system are the: pineal hypothalamus pituitary thymus thyroid parathyroid adrenal _ ovaries/testes
pancreas
The hormone-producing glands of the endocrine system are the: pineal hypothalamus pituitary thymus thyroid parathyroid adrenal pancreas _
ovaries or testes
The nerves and sense organs are a part of the _ system
nervous
the nervous system is composed of the: _ spinal cord nerves sense organs
brain
the nervous system is composed of the: brain _ nerves sense organs
spinal cord
the nervous system is composed of the: brain spinal cord _ sense organs
nerves
the nervous system is composed of the: brain spinal cord nerves _
sense organs (i.e., eyes, ears, nose)
Skeletal muscle is a part of the _ system
muscle
Bones and joints are a part of the _ system
skeletal
The skeletal system is composed of the:
_
joints
cartilages
bones
The skeletal system is composed of the:
bones
_
cartilages
joints
The skeletal system is composed of the:
bones
joints
_
cartilages
The skin and hair are a part of the _ system
integumentary
The integumentary system is composed of the: _ hair fingernails and toenails sweat glands oil glands
skin
The integumentary system is composed of the: skin _ fingernails and toenails sweat glands oil glands
hair
The integumentary system is composed of the: skin hair _ sweat glands oil glands
fingernails and toenails
The integumentary system is composed of the: skin hair fingernails and toenails _ oil glands
sweat glands
The integumentary system is composed of the: skin hair fingernails and toenails sweat glands _
oil glands
The chemical system are composed of the structural components of _
cells
Combined moleculars make this system: _
cellular
_ are the tiniest living units in the human body
cells
Groups of cells and materials around them perform as _
tissue
Tissue that cover body surfaces, lines them, and forms glands is _ tissue
epithelial
Tissue that contracts to move and create heat is _ tissue
muscular
Tissue that provides information through nerve pulses is _ tissue
nervous
Tissue that supports, protects, and brings together tissues whil distributing blood vessels is _ tissue
connective
Structures composed of 2+ tissues that serve as gross anatomy (i.e., form visible and recognizable shapes) are _
organs
Related organs that combine to form a particular function is a _
body system
T/F: Organs can occur in multiple systems
true
The pancreas is an example of an organ that exists in multiple _
body systems (i.e., digestive and endocrine)
The field studying the functional properties of nerve cells, which act as the body’s control centre, is:
neurophysiology
The use of hormones, the chemical regulators in the blood), and how they control body functions (i.e., serve as effectors) is the field of _
endocrinology
Studying the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents (protective function of the life process that impacts the functionality of other systems) is:
immunology
The release of oxytocin to increase the dilation of a cervix during childbirth is a form of a ___ system
positive feedback response
The process of blood coagulation is a ___ response, in order to reduce blood loss
positive feedback
Immunology is the type of cell system that protects against unwanted pathogens in the body. It relates to another part of the body, such as…
the respiratory system’s use of macrophages to reduce tissue inflammation in the lungs when exposed to COVID
