L2 Flashcards
What are the things formed within whole blood?
Plasma
Platelets
White blood cells (luekocytes)
Red blood cells
Where do blood cells come from? (hematopoiesis)
Bone marrow stem cells (pluripotent)
What are the 3 blood cells that can arise from stem cells?
Erythoid
Myeloid
Lymphoid
What is the erythroid lineage?
develops into red blood cells
What is myeloid lineage form?
Granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets (innate immune cells)
What is lymphoid lineage form?
B and T lymphocytes (adaptive immune cells)
What are the two lineages which make white blood cells
Myeloid and lymphoid
What are neutrophils? and their features
Type of granulocyte
75% of all leukocytes, highly phagocytic which increases in number during infection
What are mast cells and their features
Granulocytes
Line mucosal surfaces
Release granules to attract white blood cells to tissue damage
What are monocytes and macrophages
Monocytes in blood (lowphagocytic)
When entering tissues they develop into macrophages which are highly phagocytic
What are the 3 functions of macrophages?
Phagocytosis
release of chemical messengers
Show information about pathogenic microbes to T cells (links innate and adaptive immunity)
What is sessile macrophage?
Resident to area
Migratory macrophage
Move around the body
What is the function of dendritic cells?
-Low number in blood and tissue
-Trigger adaptive immune response due to surface area
-phagocytosis
How do cells of immune system move around the body?
Cells carried in blood and in lymph
What is the relationship between lymph tissues, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
Lymph in tissues collects into lymphatic vessels which drain into lymph nodes
How does innate cells recognise pathogens?
Through pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMPS) they all have the same building block
What is the common building blocks of viruses?
ssRNA, dsRNA
What is the common building blocks of bacteria?
-Cell wall: lypopolysaccharide (SPS) / endotoxins, Lipoteichoic acid
-Flagellin
-Unmethylated CpG DNA
How is our innate system able to recognise PAMPS?
pattern recognition receptors on cell wall surface of a phagocytic cell
which sends signals to nucleus to change gene transcription
What happens when gene transcription in up regulated in phagocytic cell?
Increased expression of molecule to hlep kill pathogen
What happens when a phagocytic cell eats a pathogen?
Membrane bound vesicle forms around pathogen called phagolysosome
What happens to pathogen when in phagolysosome?
Broken down and releases its nucleic acids which is recognised by pattern recognition receptors on phagolysosome
This sends signals to nucleus to regulate gene transcription
What are toll like receptors?
pattern recognition receptors located on phagocytic cell and phagolysosome
What is a fever?
Higher temperature
Resetting of thermostat (hypothalamus)
(fever) What are the signals recieved by hypothalamus?
Pyrogens - released by immune system cells (telling it to raise body temperature)
(fever) What is the pyrogen released by a phagocytes?
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) after ingesting bacteria
Why might a fever be useful?
-reduce bacteria replication by making environment more hostile (hot)
-Enhance immune cell function, increasing gene expression (increasing effectiveness of immune response
(fever) how does body decrease back to normal temperature
Decrease of pagocytosis leads to decrease of IL-1
