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Histology Exam 3 > L19: Immune & Lymphatic System > Flashcards

L19: Immune & Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

innate immunity

A

lacks immune specificity and memory

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2
Q

first responders to inflammation

A

neutrophils

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3
Q

acquired immunity

A

develops in response to antigens
more powerful than innate
takes longer to develop

has specificity and memory

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4
Q

passive immunity

A

temporary immunity due to donated antibodies

ex. passing of maternal antibodies to fetus

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5
Q

active immunity

A

permanent immunity

due to self-exposure to antigen

resulting in memory for T and B cells

ex. vaccines, getting chicken pox on purpose

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6
Q

humoral immunity

A

plasma cells

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7
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T and B cells

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8
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus

bone marrow

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9
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

nodes
spleen
tonsils

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10
Q

lymphoid follicles can also be called

A

nodules

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11
Q

primary lymphoid follicles

A

tightly packed aggregation of virgin B cells, dendritic reticular cells

that have yet to be exposed to antigens

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12
Q

secondary lymphoid nodules

A

are derived from primary

have been exposed to non-self antigens

not present at birth

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13
Q

2 components to structure of secondary nodules

A

corona – cortex
and
germinal center

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14
Q

describe the cortex of lymph nodules

A

corona
darker peripheral regions

densely packed B lymphocytes

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15
Q

describe the germinal center of lymph nodules

A

central - lighter stained regions
cells function as antigen presenting cells

b lymphocytes
b cells, plasma cells
dendritic reticular cells

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16
Q

what does MHC stand for and what is it’s function

A

major histocompatibility complex

functions for presentation of antigenic peptides to T cells

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17
Q

subdivisions of MHC

A

MHC I

MHC II

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18
Q

MHC I

A

expressed on surface of all cells except trophoblasts and RBCs

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19
Q

MHC II

A

expressed on surface of B cells and antigen presenting cells

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20
Q

IgA

A

found in saliva, milk, GU, respiratory tracts

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21
Q

IgD

A

surface of B cells traveling to lymphoid organs

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22
Q

IgG

A

major Ig in blood

responsible for most antibody activity

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23
Q

IgE

A

associated w/ allergic rxns

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24
Q

IgM

A

first antibody class expressed by developing B cells

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25
Q

CD4+

A

recognize antigens bound to MHC II

acts as helper cells for CD8+ differentiation

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26
Q

CD8+

A

cytolytic T cells

bind to antigen presenting cells

recognize antigens bound to MHC I

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27
Q

CD16+

A

natural killer T cells

release cytokines

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28
Q

natural killer cells release cytokines when activated - list them

A 
interleukin 2
interferon y
macrophage activating factor
chemotactic factor
tumor necrosis factor
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29
Q

function of interleukin 2 and interferon y

A

stim proliferation of natural killer cells

activates nk cells

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30
Q

macrophage phagocytize …..?

A

foreign material

antigens are expressed on surface of macrophages bound to MHC II

31
Q

when antigens are expressed on surfaces of macrophages bound to MHC II, then ?

A

are presented to active helper T cells
T cells undergo mitosis

daughters become memory cells

32
Q

what is the complement cascade

A

an array of 20 serum proteins which are synthesized in liver and found in blood

facilitate inflammatory responses by coating pathogens

33
Q

classic pathway - compliment cascade

A

activated by antibody binding to a pathogen

34
Q

alternate pathway - compliment cascade

A

cascade directly activated by the pathogen

35
Q

what is the most important opsonin

A

C3b

36
Q

what are the 3 main results of the compliment cascase

A
  1. activation of membrane attack complex - MAC
  2. production of opsonins
  3. release of chemotactic agents
37
Q

MAC

A

membrane attack complex

found on the pathogen

leads to perforations and lysis

38
Q

opsonins

A

are coating proteins that make antigens more palatable to phagocytes

39
Q

chemotactic agents

A

attract phagocytes to areas of infections or inflammation

40
Q

lymph node parenchyma vs. stroma

A

p – packed cells, lymphocytes mostly

s – reticular fibers, undifferentiated cells

41
Q

lymph node stroma

A

may contain fixed or free machrophages

supports the parenchyma

42
Q

lymph node hilus

A

entry and exit point for vessels - lymphatic and arterial vessels

43
Q

afferent vessels enter lymph nodes on the

A

convex side

44
Q

lymph node capsule

A

dense collagen fibers
some elastic fibers
some smooth muscle fibers

45
Q

high endothelial venules

A

entry point, in cortex of lymph nodes, for circulating differentiated lymphocytes from other places

46
Q

lymphocyte reentry point into lymph stream from a lymph node

A

medulla

47
Q

medullary cords

A

consists of BVs, lymphoblasts and plasma cells

located in medulla of lymph nodes

48
Q

thymus capsule

A

contains blood vessels and efferent lymphatics

49
Q

thymus trabecula

A

also called septa

delicate CT that divides thymus into incomplete lobes

50
Q

thymus lobules are composed of

A

outer and inner medulla

inner stains lighter

cortex - outer - stains dark from packed lymphocytes

51
Q

what allows the thymus to maintain lymphopoiesis while segregated from antigens

A

lobule cortex contains BVs surround by continuous epithelial barriers

52
Q

inner medulla of thymus lobules

A

light staining

allows entry channel to blood stream for mature lymphocytes

53
Q

major characteristics of the thymus

A

–largest during puberty
–no lymph follicles
–no afferent lymph vessels
(thus meaning lymph does not circulate thru the thymus)

54
Q

what is the source of thymosin

A

secreted by epithelial reticular cells in outer cortex of thymus lobules

55
Q

what is the role of the epithelial barrier surround blood vessels in the thymus

A

allows thymus to maintain lymphopoiesis while keeping cells segregated from antigens

56
Q

what are Hassall’s corpuscles

A

found in inner medulla of thymus lobules

whorls of keratinized medullary epithelial cells

57
Q

role of Hassall’s corpuscles

A

produce cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin

to stimulate maturation of T cells

58
Q

double negative T cells

A

lack surface molecules like mature t cells

enter cortex from BVs

59
Q

double positive T cells

A

move to outer cortex
confronted w/ epithelial cells

express receptors for CD4 or 8+ and TCR

60
Q

single positive T cells

A

move to inner cortex

express same receptors as double positive t cells

61
Q

Foxn1 is essential for

A

differentiation of thymic epithelial cells

62
Q

air genes promote expression of

A

tissue-specific cell proteins by thymic medullary epi cells

these proteins allow identification and disposal of autoreactive T cells

63
Q

difference between keratin 5+ and keratin 18+

A

5 – cortical thymus
involved in clonal selection

18 – medullary thymus
involved in clonal deletion

64
Q

the thymus-blood barrier is leaky during development to allow

A

the immune system to grow stronger

65
Q

the spleen is divided into

A

red and white pulp

66
Q

spleen marginal zone

A

interface between red and white pulp

67
Q

the spleen has functions in

A

blood filtering

immunologic functions

68
Q

the _____ is the origin of blood formation in the fetus

A

spleen

69
Q

removal of the spleen leads to

A

overwhelming bacterial infections in infants to young adults

the older you are the stronger you will be w/o a spleen

70
Q

white pulp

A

site of clonal-expansion of antigen-activated lymphocytes

b and t cells area

reticular fibers associated w/ fixed macrophages

71
Q

red pulp

A

80% of the spleen

functions to filter blood

72
Q

open circulation is found where in the spleen

A

in the red pulp Billroth cords

73
Q

where are PALs found

A

found in t cell areas of white pulp

74
Q

where are Billroth cords found

A

parenchyma of red pulp

Histology Exam 3 (9 decks)

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