L16: Body Fluids & Compartments

Question 1

major body fluid compartments

Answer 1

intracellular fluid 28 L
interstitial fluid 11 L
plasma 3 L

Question 2

membranes between fluid compartments

Answer 2

cell membrane

capillary memb. between interstitial and plasma

Question 3

extracellular ions

Answer 3

Na and Cl

Question 4

intracellular ions

Answer 4

K and Pi/proteins

Question 5

osmolarity

Answer 5

conc. of particles per L of solution

Question 6

osmolality

Answer 6

conc. of particles per kg solvent

water in biological systems

Question 7

effective osmole

Answer 7

refers to a solute that does not easily cross a membrane

effective because it creates an osmotic force for water

Question 8

______ are effective osmoles for the vascular compartment

Answer 8

proteins

Question 9

daily fluid intake

Answer 9

ingestion = 2100 mL

metabolism = 200 mL

Question 10

daily fluid output

Answer 10

evaporation = skin and lungs (both 350 mL)

sweat = 100 mL (5000 wkt)

feces = 100 mL

urine = 1400 mL

Question 11

total daily intake of fluid

Answer 11

2300 mL/day

Question 12

total daily fluid loss

Answer 12

2300 mL/day

Question 13

fluid loss with severe burns

Answer 13

can increase from 350 mL to 3-5 L/day

Question 14

fluid loss w/ exercise

Answer 14

sweat increases from 100 to 5000 mL

urine decreases from 1400 to 500 mL

Question 15

extracellular body fluid compartments

Answer 15

interstitial fluid
plasma
transcellular

~14 L

Question 16

intracellular body fluid compartments

Answer 16

intracell

~28 L

Question 17

total body water

Answer 17

~42 L / avg. male

50% weight in females (extra fat)

70-75% weight in premies/newborns

Question 18

osmolar gap

Answer 18

difference between the measured osmolarity and the estimated osmolarity

normal around 15

Question 19

common things that can evaluate the osmolar gap

Answer 19

1. ethanol
2. methanol
3. ethylene glycol
4. acetone
5. mannitol

Question 20

why is the ionic composition of plasma and interstitial fluid similar?

Answer 20

because they are separated by a highly permeable capillary membranes

Question 21

why is there a higher concentration of proteins in plasma?

Answer 21

because capillaries have low permeability to plasma proteins

Question 22

intracellular fluid composition

Answer 22

1. small amounts of Na/Cl
2. almost no Ca
3. large amounts K/Pi
4. moderate amounts Mg/S

Question 23

the indicator-dilution principles is a method for?

Answer 23

measuring fluid volumes in body fluid compartments

Question 24

determination of extracellular fluids

Answer 24

by a balance of hydrostatic and colloid forces across the capillary membranes

Question 25

determination of fluid between intracellular and extracellular compartments

Answer 25

by osmotic effects primarily of Na and Cl ions

Question 26

For each mOsm concentration gradient of an impermeant solute, about _______ is extered across the cell membrane

Answer 26

19.3 mmHg osmotic pressure

Question 27

The _________ in a solution is measured in osmoles.

Answer 27

Number of particles

Question 28

Osmolal concentration of a solution = osmolality when ?

Answer 28

Conc. Is expressed as osmoles/kg

Question 29

Osmolal concentration of a solution is = osmolarity when?

Answer 29

Conc. Is expressed in osmoles/ L

Question 30

For a 0.9% NaCl solution, osmolarity = ?

Answer 30

308 mOsm/L

Question 31

About 80% of total osmolarity of interstitial fluid and plasma is due to ?

Answer 31

Sodium and chloride ions

Question 32

For intracellular fluid, half osmolarity is due to ?

Answer 32

Potassium ions

Question 33

If the cell membrane is exposed to pure water and the osmolarity of intracellular fluid is 282 mOsm/L, the potential osmotic pressure ?

Answer 33

Can develop across the cell membrane will be greater than 5400 mmhg

Question 34

Potential osmotic pressure when osmolarity = 308 mOsm/L

Answer 34

5944 mmHg

Question 35

Increased extracellular volume = _______ venous return = ________ CO

Answer 35

Increased | Increased

Question 36

Terms isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic refer to ?

Answer 36

Whether or not solutions will change the volume of a cell

Question 37

Addition of isotonic saline to extracellular fluid

Answer 37

Osmolarity does not change Extracell volume increases Intracell vol. does not change

Question 38

A solution of immpermeant solutes, having an osmolarity of 282 mOsm/L is ________, meaning?

Answer 38

Isotonic | Water cannot enter or leave cell

Question 39

Examples of isotonic solutions

Answer 39

0.9% NaCl | 5% glucose

Question 40

Addition of hypertonic saline to extracellular fluid

Answer 40

Intracell vol. decreases Extracell vol. increases Osmolarity in both increases

Question 41

Why does intracellular fluid volume increase in presence of hypertonic solutions?

Answer 41

The hypertonic saline will put water out of cell

Question 42

A solution of impermeant solutes having an osmolarity greater than 282 mOsm/L is ?

Answer 42

Hypertonic Water will diffuse out of the cell

Question 43

Addition of hypotonic (?) saline to extracellular fluid

Answer 43

(Water) Volume of extra and intra increase Osmolarity in both decreases

Question 44

Why do both fluid compartments increase in volume when a hypotonic solution is added?

Answer 44

Water will enter the cell to increase intra You’re adding fluid to extra so it always increases

Question 45

A solution of impermeant solutes having an osmolarity less than 282 mOsm/L is ?

Answer 45

Hypotonic | Water will diffuse into the cell

Question 46

Relate cell size to iso/hyper/hypo -tonic solutions

Answer 46

Iso - cell no change Hypo - cell grows Hyper - cell shrinks

Question 47

Effects on brain due to acute hyponatremia

Answer 47

Acute loss of Na or excess water causes brain to swell Seizures, coma, permanent damage, death

Question 48

Effects to brain due to chronic hyponatremia

Answer 48

Chronic loss of Na or excess water allows tissues to transport Na, Cl, and others into extracell space Tissue swelling is much less than in acute hyponatremia

Question 49

When interstitial fluid pressure is below 0, _____ fluid _______ in tissues. Edema safety factor = ?

Answer 49

Little fluid accumulates in tissues = 3 mmhg

Question 50

When interstitial fluid pressure rises above 0, _______ fluid rapidly begins to _______ in tissues.

Answer 50

Free fluid rapidly accumulates in tissues

Question 51

Anatomical organization of kidney

Answer 51

Capsule Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis

Question 52

The renal cortex is associated with ______ capsule

Answer 52

Bowman’s capsule

Question 53

Cortical nephrons

Answer 53

Have glmeruli located in outer cortex and have short loops of henle

Question 54

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 54

Have glomeruli deep in renal cortex near medulla Long loops of henle Long efferent arterioles

Question 55

Juxtamedullary nephrons also have long ______ arterioles, associated with ?

Answer 55

Efferent (going out) | Peritubular capillaries

Question 56

Peritubular capillaries are found _______ to nephrons

Answer 56

Parallel

Question 57

Glomeruli sit in ______ capsule

Answer 57

Bowman’s

Question 58

Kidneys receive ____ of total cardiac output

Answer 58

22% “Grow up”

Question 59

What helps regulate hydrostatic pressure in both sets of kidney capillaries?

Answer 59

Efferent arterioles

Question 60

High hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

Answer 60

=60mmhg Causes rapid fluid filtration into kidneys (Constriction of efferent arterioles)

Question 61

Low hydrostatic pressure peritubular capillaries

Answer 61

=13mmhg | Permits rapid fluid reabsorption into efferent arterioles

Question 62

List the steps in blood flow to kidneys

Answer 62

1. Renal art. 2. Interlobar art. 3. Arcuate art. 4. Interlobular art. 5. Afferent arterioles 6. Glomerular capillaries 7. Efferent arterioles

Question 63

List steps in blood flow from kidneys

Answer 63

Peritubular capillaries 2. Interlobular veins 3. Arcuate veins 4. Interlobar veins 5. Renal veins

Question 64

What are the true capillaries of the kidneys?

Answer 64

Peritubular capillaries

Question 65

distinguish between hypo and hypernatremia

Answer 65

decreased Na vs. increased Na concentrations

Question 66

hyponatremia can be due to ?

Answer 66

heart, liver, kidney diseases/failure

Question 67

symptoms of hyponatremia

Answer 67

nausea, vomiting, lethargy, confusion, muscle weakness seizures coma

Question 68

symptoms of hypernatremia

Answer 68

``` excessive thirst lethargy muscle spasms seizures coma ```

Question 69

hypernatremia may be due to?

Answer 69

dehydration, kidney disease, burns, old age

Question 70

consequences of extracellular edema

Answer 70

decreased tissue function increased accumulation of waste nutrients and waste have to travel farther to get from BV to cells

Question 71

causes of intracellular edema

Answer 71

increased hydrostatic p. decreased colloid oncotic p. obstruction in lymphatic sys.

Question 72

causes of extracellular edema

Answer 72

heart, kidney failure excess kidney retention increased capillary pressure venous return failure