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Physiology Exam 2 > L16: Body Fluids & Compartments > Flashcards

L16: Body Fluids & Compartments Flashcards

Urinary System Overview

1
Q

major body fluid compartments

A

intracellular fluid 28 L
interstitial fluid 11 L
plasma 3 L

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2
Q

membranes between fluid compartments

A

cell membrane

capillary memb. between interstitial and plasma

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3
Q

extracellular ions

A

Na and Cl

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4
Q

intracellular ions

A

K and Pi/proteins

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5
Q

osmolarity

A

conc. of particles per L of solution

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6
Q

osmolality

A

conc. of particles per kg solvent

water in biological systems

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7
Q

effective osmole

A

refers to a solute that does not easily cross a membrane

effective because it creates an osmotic force for water

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8
Q

______ are effective osmoles for the vascular compartment

A

proteins

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9
Q

daily fluid intake

A

ingestion = 2100 mL

metabolism = 200 mL

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10
Q

daily fluid output

A

evaporation = skin and lungs (both 350 mL)

sweat = 100 mL (5000 wkt)

feces = 100 mL

urine = 1400 mL

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11
Q

total daily intake of fluid

A

2300 mL/day

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12
Q

total daily fluid loss

A

2300 mL/day

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13
Q

fluid loss with severe burns

A

can increase from 350 mL to 3-5 L/day

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14
Q

fluid loss w/ exercise

A

sweat increases from 100 to 5000 mL

urine decreases from 1400 to 500 mL

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15
Q

extracellular body fluid compartments

A

interstitial fluid
plasma
transcellular

~14 L

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16
Q

intracellular body fluid compartments

A

intracell

~28 L

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17
Q

total body water

A

~42 L / avg. male

50% weight in females (extra fat)

70-75% weight in premies/newborns

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18
Q

osmolar gap

A

difference between the measured osmolarity and the estimated osmolarity

normal around 15

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19
Q

common things that can evaluate the osmolar gap

A
  1. ethanol
  2. methanol
  3. ethylene glycol
  4. acetone
  5. mannitol
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20
Q

why is the ionic composition of plasma and interstitial fluid similar?

A

because they are separated by a highly permeable capillary membranes

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21
Q

why is there a higher concentration of proteins in plasma?

A

because capillaries have low permeability to plasma proteins

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22
Q

intracellular fluid composition

A
  1. small amounts of Na/Cl
  2. almost no Ca
  3. large amounts K/Pi
  4. moderate amounts Mg/S
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23
Q

the indicator-dilution principles is a method for?

A

measuring fluid volumes in body fluid compartments

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24
Q

determination of extracellular fluids

A

by a balance of hydrostatic and colloid forces across the capillary membranes

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25
Q

determination of fluid between intracellular and extracellular compartments

A

by osmotic effects primarily of Na and Cl ions

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26
Q

For each mOsm concentration gradient of an impermeant solute, about _______ is extered across the cell membrane

A

19.3 mmHg osmotic pressure

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27
Q

The _________ in a solution is measured in osmoles.

A

Number of particles

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28
Q

Osmolal concentration of a solution = osmolality when ?

A

Conc. Is expressed as osmoles/kg

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29
Q

Osmolal concentration of a solution is = osmolarity when?

A

Conc. Is expressed in osmoles/ L

30
Q

For a 0.9% NaCl solution, osmolarity = ?

A

308 mOsm/L

31
Q

About 80% of total osmolarity of interstitial fluid and plasma is due to ?

A

Sodium and chloride ions

32
Q

For intracellular fluid, half osmolarity is due to ?

A

Potassium ions

33
Q

If the cell membrane is exposed to pure water and the osmolarity of intracellular fluid is 282 mOsm/L, the potential osmotic pressure ?

A

Can develop across the cell membrane will be greater than 5400 mmhg

34
Q

Potential osmotic pressure when osmolarity = 308 mOsm/L

A

5944 mmHg

35
Q

Increased extracellular volume = _______ venous return = ________ CO

A

Increased

Increased

36
Q

Terms isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic refer to ?

A

Whether or not solutions will change the volume of a cell

37
Q

Addition of isotonic saline to extracellular fluid

A

Osmolarity does not change

Extracell volume increases

Intracell vol. does not change

38
Q

A solution of immpermeant solutes, having an osmolarity of 282 mOsm/L is ________, meaning?

A

Isotonic

Water cannot enter or leave cell

39
Q

Examples of isotonic solutions

A

0.9% NaCl

5% glucose

40
Q

Addition of hypertonic saline to extracellular fluid

A

Intracell vol. decreases

Extracell vol. increases

Osmolarity in both increases

41
Q

Why does intracellular fluid volume increase in presence of hypertonic solutions?

A

The hypertonic saline will put water out of cell

42
Q

A solution of impermeant solutes having an osmolarity greater than 282 mOsm/L is ?

A

Hypertonic

Water will diffuse out of the cell

43
Q

Addition of hypotonic (?) saline to extracellular fluid

A

(Water)
Volume of extra and intra increase

Osmolarity in both decreases

44
Q

Why do both fluid compartments increase in volume when a hypotonic solution is added?

A

Water will enter the cell to increase intra

You’re adding fluid to extra so it always increases

45
Q

A solution of impermeant solutes having an osmolarity less than 282 mOsm/L is ?

A

Hypotonic

Water will diffuse into the cell

46
Q

Relate cell size to iso/hyper/hypo -tonic solutions

A

Iso - cell no change

Hypo - cell grows

Hyper - cell shrinks

47
Q

Effects on brain due to acute hyponatremia

A

Acute loss of Na or excess water causes brain to swell

Seizures, coma, permanent damage, death

48
Q

Effects to brain due to chronic hyponatremia

A

Chronic loss of Na or excess water allows tissues to transport Na, Cl, and others into extracell space

Tissue swelling is much less than in acute hyponatremia

49
Q

When interstitial fluid pressure is below 0, _____ fluid _______ in tissues. Edema safety factor = ?

A

Little fluid accumulates in tissues

= 3 mmhg

50
Q

When interstitial fluid pressure rises above 0, _______ fluid rapidly begins to _______ in tissues.

A

Free fluid rapidly accumulates in tissues

51
Q

Anatomical organization of kidney

A

Capsule
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis

52
Q

The renal cortex is associated with ______ capsule

A

Bowman’s capsule

53
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Have glmeruli located in outer cortex and have short loops of henle

54
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Have glomeruli deep in renal cortex near medulla
Long loops of henle

Long efferent arterioles

55
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons also have long ______ arterioles, associated with ?

A

Efferent (going out)

Peritubular capillaries

56
Q

Peritubular capillaries are found _______ to nephrons

A

Parallel

57
Q

Glomeruli sit in ______ capsule

A

Bowman’s

58
Q

Kidneys receive ____ of total cardiac output

A

22%

“Grow up”

59
Q

What helps regulate hydrostatic pressure in both sets of kidney capillaries?

A

Efferent arterioles

60
Q

High hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

A

=60mmhg
Causes rapid fluid filtration into kidneys

(Constriction of efferent arterioles)

61
Q

Low hydrostatic pressure peritubular capillaries

A

=13mmhg

Permits rapid fluid reabsorption into efferent arterioles

62
Q

List the steps in blood flow to kidneys

A
  1. Renal art.
  2. Interlobar art.
  3. Arcuate art.
  4. Interlobular art.
  5. Afferent arterioles
  6. Glomerular capillaries
  7. Efferent arterioles
63
Q

List steps in blood flow from kidneys

A

Peritubular capillaries

  1. Interlobular veins
  2. Arcuate veins
  3. Interlobar veins
  4. Renal veins
64
Q

What are the true capillaries of the kidneys?

A

Peritubular capillaries

65
Q

distinguish between hypo and hypernatremia

A

decreased Na vs. increased Na concentrations

66
Q

hyponatremia can be due to ?

A

heart, liver, kidney diseases/failure

67
Q

symptoms of hyponatremia

A

nausea, vomiting, lethargy, confusion, muscle weakness
seizures
coma

68
Q

symptoms of hypernatremia

A 
excessive thirst
lethargy
muscle spasms
seizures
coma
69
Q

hypernatremia may be due to?

A

dehydration, kidney disease, burns, old age

70
Q

consequences of extracellular edema

A

decreased tissue function
increased accumulation of waste

nutrients and waste have to travel farther to get from BV to cells

71
Q

causes of intracellular edema

A

increased hydrostatic p.
decreased colloid oncotic p.
obstruction in lymphatic sys.

72
Q

causes of extracellular edema

A

heart, kidney failure
excess kidney retention
increased capillary pressure
venous return failure

Physiology Exam 2 (9 decks)

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